lfs-book-zh_CN/chapter06/coreutils.xml

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  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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]>

<sect1 id="ch-system-coreutils" role="wrap">
  <?dbhtml filename="coreutils.html"?>

  <sect1info condition="script">
    <productname>coreutils</productname>
    <productnumber>&coreutils-version;</productnumber>
    <address>&coreutils-url;</address>
  </sect1info>

  <title>Coreutils-&coreutils-version;</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils">
    <primary sortas="a-Coreutils">Coreutils</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2 role="package">
    <title/>

    <para>The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the
    basic system characteristics.</para>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
      <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>&coreutils-ch6-sbu;</seg>
        <seg>&coreutils-ch6-du;</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>Installation of Coreutils</title>

    <para>A known issue with the <command>uname</command> program from
    this package is that the <parameter>-p</parameter> switch always
    returns <computeroutput>unknown</computeroutput>. The following patch
    fixes this behavior for Intel architectures:</para>

<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-uname-patch;</userinput></screen>

    <para>Prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by
    other packages later:</para>

<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-suppress-patch;</userinput></screen>

    <para>POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character
    boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch
    fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs:</para>

<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-i18n-patch;</userinput></screen>

    <para>In order for the tests added by this patch to pass, the permissions for
    the test file have to be changed:</para>

<screen><userinput>chmod +x tests/sort/sort-mb-tests</userinput></screen>

    <note>
      <para>In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting new
      bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible
      without this patch.</para>
    </note>

    <para>Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:</para>

<screen><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput></screen>

    <para>Compile the package:</para>

<screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen>

    <para>Skip down to <quote>Install the
    package</quote> if not running the test suite.</para>

    <para>Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that are
    meant to be run as user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>:</para>

<screen><userinput>make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root</userinput></screen>

    <para>We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the
    <systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem> user. Certain tests,
    however, require that the user be a member of more than one group. So that
    these tests are not skipped we'll add a temporary group and make the
    user <systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem> a part of it:</para>

<screen><userinput>echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" &gt;&gt; /etc/group</userinput></screen>

    <para>Now run the tests:</para>

<screen><userinput>su-tools nobody -s /bin/bash -c "make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</userinput></screen>

    <para>Remove the temporary group:</para>

<screen><userinput>sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group</userinput></screen>

    <para>Install the package:</para>

<screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>

    <para>Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:</para>

<screen><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{false,hostname,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,readlink,rm} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin</userinput></screen>

    <para>Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
    <command>head</command>, <command>sleep</command>, and
    <command>nice</command>.  As <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>
    may not be available during the early stages of booting, those binaries
    need to be on the root partition:</para>

<screen><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep,nice} /bin</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>


  <sect2 id="contents-coreutils" role="content">
    <title>Contents of Coreutils</title>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>base64, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm,
        cp, csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo, env,
        expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, hostid, hostname,
        id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod,
        mv, nice, nl, nohup, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, pr, printenv, printf,
        ptx, pwd, readlink, rm, rmdir, seq, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum,
        sha384sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep, sort, split, stat, stty, sum,
        sync, tac, tail, tee, test, touch, tr, true, tsort, tty, uname,
        unexpand, uniq, unlink, users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

    <variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>

      <varlistentry id="base64">
        <term><command>base64</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Encodes and decodes data according to the base64 (RFC 3548)
            specification</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils base64">
            <primary sortas="b-base64">basename</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="basename">
        <term><command>basename</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils basename">
            <primary sortas="b-basename">basename</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="cat">
        <term><command>cat</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Concatenates files to standard output</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cat">
            <primary sortas="b-cat">cat</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chgrp">
        <term><command>chgrp</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Changes the group ownership of files and directories</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chgrp">
            <primary sortas="b-chgrp">chgrp</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chmod">
        <term><command>chmod</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode
          can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an
          octal number representing the new permissions</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chmod">
            <primary sortas="b-chmod">chmod</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chown">
        <term><command>chown</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and
          directories</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chown">
            <primary sortas="b-chown">chown</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chroot">
        <term><command>chroot</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Runs a command with the specified directory as the
          <filename class="directory">/</filename> directory</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chroot">
            <primary sortas="b-chroot">chroot</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="cksum">
        <term><command>cksum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte
          counts of each specified file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cksum">
            <primary sortas="b-cksum">cksum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="comm">
        <term><command>comm</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines
          that are unique and the lines that are common</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils comm">
            <primary sortas="b-comm">comm</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="cp">
        <term><command>cp</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Copies files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cp">
            <primary sortas="b-cp">cp</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="csplit">
        <term><command>csplit</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Splits a given file into several new files, separating them
          according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte
          count of each new file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils csplit">
            <primary sortas="b-csplit">csplit</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="cut">
        <term><command>cut</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given
          fields or positions</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cut">
            <primary sortas="b-cut">cut</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="date">
        <term><command>date</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the
          system date</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils date">
            <primary sortas="b-date">date</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="dd">
        <term><command>dd</command> </term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Copies a file using the given block size and count, while
          optionally performing conversions on it</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dd">
            <primary sortas="b-dd">dd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="df">
        <term><command>df</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all
          mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected
          files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils df">
            <primary sortas="b-df">df</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="dir">
        <term><command>dir</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as
          the <command>ls</command> command)</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dir">
            <primary sortas="b-dir">dir</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="dircolors">
        <term><command>dircolors</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Outputs commands to set the <envar>LS_COLOR</envar>
          environment variable to change the color scheme used by
          <command>ls</command></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dircolors">
            <primary sortas="b-dircolors">dircolors</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="dirname">
        <term><command>dirname</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dirname">
            <primary sortas="b-dirname">dirname</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="du">
        <term><command>du</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory,
          by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by
          each of the given files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils du">
            <primary sortas="b-du">du</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="echo">
        <term><command>echo</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Displays the given strings</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils echo">
            <primary sortas="b-echo">echo</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="env">
        <term><command>env</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Runs a command in a modified environment</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils env">
            <primary sortas="b-env">env</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="expand">
        <term><command>expand</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Converts tabs to spaces</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expand">
            <primary sortas="b-expand">expand</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="expr">
        <term><command>expr</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Evaluates expressions</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expr">
            <primary sortas="b-expr">expr</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="factor">
        <term><command>factor</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils factor">
            <primary sortas="b-factor">factor</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="false">
        <term><command>false</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code
          indicating failure</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils false">
            <primary sortas="b-false">false</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fmt">
        <term><command>fmt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reformats the paragraphs in the given files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fmt">
            <primary sortas="b-fmt">fmt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fold">
        <term><command>fold</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Wraps the lines in the given files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fold">
            <primary sortas="b-fold">fold</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="groups">
        <term><command>groups</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports a user's group memberships</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils groups">
            <primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="head">
        <term><command>head</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines)
          of each given file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils head">
            <primary sortas="b-head">head</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="hostid">
        <term><command>hostid</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostid">
            <primary sortas="b-hostid">hostid</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="hostname">
        <term><command>hostname</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports or sets the name of the host</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostname">
            <primary sortas="b-hostname">hostname</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="id">
        <term><command>id</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group memberships
          of the current user or specified user</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils id">
            <primary sortas="b-id">id</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="install">
        <term><command>install</command> </term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if
          possible, their owner and group</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils install">
            <primary sortas="b-install">install</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="join">
        <term><command>join</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two
          separate files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils join">
            <primary sortas="b-join">join</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="link">
        <term><command>link</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates a hard link with the given name to a file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils link">
            <primary sortas="b-link">link</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ln">
        <term><command>ln</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ln">
            <primary sortas="b-ln">ln</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="logname">
        <term><command>logname</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the current user's login name</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils logname">
            <primary sortas="b-logname">logname</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ls">
        <term><command>ls</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Lists the contents of each given directory</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ls">
            <primary sortas="b-ls">ls</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="md5sum">
        <term><command>md5sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils md5sum">
            <primary sortas="b-md5sum">md5sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkdir">
        <term><command>mkdir</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates directories with the given names</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkdir">
            <primary sortas="b-mkdir">mkdir</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkfifo">
        <term><command>mkfifo</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a <quote>named
          pipe</quote> in UNIX parlance, with the given names</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkfifo">
            <primary sortas="b-mkfifo">mkfifo</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mknod">
        <term><command>mknod</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a
          character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mknod">
            <primary sortas="b-mknod">mknod</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mv">
        <term><command>mv</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Moves or renames files or directories</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mv">
            <primary sortas="b-mv">mv</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="nice">
        <term><command>nice</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Runs a program with modified scheduling priority</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nice">
            <primary sortas="b-nice">nice</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="nl">
        <term><command>nl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Numbers the lines from the given files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nl">
            <primary sortas="b-nl">nl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="nohup">
        <term><command>nohup</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to
          a log file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nohup">
            <primary sortas="b-nohup">nohup</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="od">
        <term><command>od</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Dumps files in octal and other formats</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils od">
            <primary sortas="b-od">od</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="paste">
        <term><command>paste</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines
          side by side, separated by tab characters</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils paste">
            <primary sortas="b-paste">paste</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pathchk">
        <term><command>pathchk</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Checks if file names are valid or portable</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pathchk">
            <primary sortas="b-pathchk">pathchk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pinky">
        <term><command>pinky</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information
          about the given users</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pinky">
            <primary sortas="b-pinky">pinky</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pr">
        <term><command>pr</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Paginates and columnates files for printing</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pr">
            <primary sortas="b-pr">pr</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="printenv">
        <term><command>printenv</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints the environment</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printenv">
            <primary sortas="b-printenv">printenv</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="printf">
        <term><command>printf</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much
          like the C printf function</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printf">
            <primary sortas="b-printf">printf</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ptx">
        <term><command>ptx</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files,
          with each keyword in its context</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ptx">
            <primary sortas="b-ptx">ptx</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pwd">
        <term><command>pwd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the name of the current working directory</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pwd">
            <primary sortas="b-pwd">pwd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="readlink">
        <term><command>readlink</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the value of the given symbolic link</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils readlink">
            <primary sortas="b-readlink">readlink</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="rm">
        <term><command>rm</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Removes files or directories</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rm">
            <primary sortas="b-rm">rm</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="rmdir">
        <term><command>rmdir</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Removes directories if they are empty</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rmdir">
            <primary sortas="b-rmdir">rmdir</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="seq">
        <term><command>seq</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a
          given increment</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils seq">
            <primary sortas="b-seq">seq</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sha1sum">
        <term><command>sha1sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1)
          checksums</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha1sum">
            <primary sortas="b-sha1sum">sha1sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sha224sum">
        <term><command>sha224sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha224sum">
            <primary sortas="b-sha224sum">sha224sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sha256sum">
        <term><command>sha256sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha256sum">
            <primary sortas="b-sha256sum">sha256sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sha384sum">
        <term><command>sha384sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha384sum">
            <primary sortas="b-sha384sum">sha384sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sha512sum">
        <term><command>sha512sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha512sum">
            <primary sortas="b-sha512sum">sha512sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="shred">
        <term><command>shred</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns,
          making it difficult to recover the data</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils shred">
            <primary sortas="b-shred">shred</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="shuf">
        <term><command>shuf</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Shuffles lines of text</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils shuf">
            <primary sortas="b-shuf">shuf</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sleep">
        <term><command>sleep</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Pauses for the given amount of time</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sleep">
            <primary sortas="b-sleep">sleep</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sort">
        <term><command>sort</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Sorts the lines from the given files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sort">
            <primary sortas="b-sort">sort</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="split">
        <term><command>split</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of
          lines</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils split">
            <primary sortas="b-split">split</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="stat">
        <term><command>stat</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Displays file or filesystem status</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stat">
            <primary sortas="b-stat">stat</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="stty">
        <term><command>stty</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Sets or reports terminal line settings</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stty">
            <primary sortas="b-stty">stty</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sum">
        <term><command>sum</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints checksum and block counts for each given file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sum">
            <primary sortas="b-sum">sum</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sync">
        <term><command>sync</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk
          and updates the super block</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sync">
            <primary sortas="b-sync">sync</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tac">
        <term><command>tac</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Concatenates the given files in reverse</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tac">
            <primary sortas="b-tac">tac</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tail">
        <term><command>tail</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each
          given file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tail">
            <primary sortas="b-tail">tail</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tee">
        <term><command>tee</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output
          and to the given files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tee">
            <primary sortas="b-tee">tee</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="test">
        <term><command>test</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Compares values and checks file types</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils test">
            <primary sortas="b-test">test</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="touch">
        <term><command>touch</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification
          times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist
          are created with zero length</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils touch">
            <primary sortas="b-touch">touch</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tr">
        <term><command>tr</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from
          standard input</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tr">
            <primary sortas="b-tr">tr</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="true">
        <term><command>true</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code
          indicating success</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils true">
            <primary sortas="b-true">true</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tsort">
        <term><command>tsort</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list
          according to the partial ordering in a given file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tsort">
            <primary sortas="b-tsort">tsort</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tty">
        <term><command>tty</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard
          input</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tty">
            <primary sortas="b-tty">tty</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="uname">
        <term><command>uname</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports system information</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uname">
            <primary sortas="b-uname">uname</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="unexpand">
        <term><command>unexpand</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Converts spaces to tabs</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unexpand">
            <primary sortas="b-unexpand">unexpand</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="uniq">
        <term><command>uniq</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Discards all but one of successive identical lines</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uniq">
            <primary sortas="b-uniq">uniq</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="unlink">
        <term><command>unlink</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Removes the given file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unlink">
            <primary sortas="b-unlink">unlink</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="users">
        <term><command>users</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the names of the users currently logged on</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils users">
            <primary sortas="b-users">users</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="vdir">
        <term><command>vdir</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is the same as <command>ls -l</command></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils vdir">
            <primary sortas="b-vdir">vdir</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="wc">
        <term><command>wc</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given
          file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils wc">
            <primary sortas="b-wc">wc</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="who">
        <term><command>who</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports who is logged on</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils who">
            <primary sortas="b-who">who</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="whoami">
        <term><command>whoami</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the user name associated with the current effective
          user ID</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils whoami">
            <primary sortas="b-whoami">whoami</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="yes">
        <term><command>yes</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Repeatedly outputs <quote>y</quote> or a given string until
          killed</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils yes">
            <primary sortas="b-yes">yes</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

  </sect2>

</sect1>