creatingdirs.xml 3.9 KB

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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  2. <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  3. "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  4. <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
  5. %general-entities;
  6. ]>
  7. <sect1 id="ch-system-creatingdirs">
  8. <?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?>
  9. <title>创建目录</title>
  10. <!--para>It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a
  11. standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:</para-->
  12. <para>现在需要在 LFS 文件系统中创建一些目录结构。
  13. 执行以下命令,创建一棵标准目录树:</para>
  14. <screen><userinput>mkdir -pv /{bin,boot,etc/{opt,sysconfig},home,lib/firmware,mnt,opt}
  15. mkdir -pv /{media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,var}
  16. install -dv -m 0750 /root
  17. install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
  18. mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
  19. mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
  20. mkdir -v /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
  21. mkdir -v /usr/libexec
  22. mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
  23. case $(uname -m) in
  24. x86_64) mkdir -v /lib64 ;;
  25. esac
  26. mkdir -v /var/{log,mail,spool}
  27. ln -sv /run /var/run
  28. ln -sv /run/lock /var/lock
  29. mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{color,misc,locate},local}</userinput></screen>
  30. <!--para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but
  31. this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two
  32. changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of user <systemitem
  33. class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for
  34. temporary files.</para-->
  35. <para>默认情况下,新创建的目录具有权限码 755 ,但这并不适合所有目录。
  36. 在以上命令中,两个目录的访问权限被修改 —— 一个是 <systemitem
  37. class="username">root</systemitem> 的主目录,
  38. 另一个是包含临时文件的目录。</para>
  39. <!--para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
  40. the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory&mdash;the
  41. same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The
  42. second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the
  43. <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename
  44. class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove
  45. another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called
  46. <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.</para-->
  47. <para>第一个修改能保证不是所有人都能进入
  48. <filename class="directory">/root</filename> ——
  49. 一般用户也可以为他/她的主目录设置同样的 0750 权限码。
  50. 第二个修改保证任何用户都可写入
  51. <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> 和
  52. <filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> 目录,
  53. 但不能从中删除其他用户的文件,因为所谓的 <quote>粘滞位</quote>
  54. (sticky bit),即八进制权限码 1777 的最高位 (1) 阻止这样做。</para>
  55. <sect2>
  56. <title>FHS 兼容性注记</title>
  57. <!--para>The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
  58. (FHS) (available at <ulink
  59. url="https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS"/>). The FHS also specifies
  60. the optional existence of some directories such as <filename
  61. class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename
  62. class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. We create only the
  63. directories that are needed. However, feel free to create these
  64. directories. </para-->
  65. <para>这个目录树是基于 Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
  66. (可以在 <ulink url="https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS"/>
  67. 查阅)建立的。 FHS 标准还规定了某些可选的目录,
  68. 例如 <filename class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename>
  69. 和 <filename class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>。
  70. 我们只创建了必要的目录,如果您需要的话可以自己创建可选这些可选目录。
  71. </para>
  72. </sect2>
  73. </sect1>