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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
- "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
- <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
- %general-entities;
- ]>
- <sect1 id="space-creatingpartition">
- <?dbhtml filename="creatingpartition.html"?>
- <title>创建新的分区</title>
- <!--para>Like most other operating systems, LFS is usually installed on a
- dedicated partition. The recommended approach to building an LFS system
- is to use an available empty partition or, if you have enough unpartitioned
- space, to create one.</para-->
- <para>像其他操作系统那样,LFS 一般也被安装在一个指定的分区。
- 我们推荐您为 LFS 选择一个可用的空分区,
- 或者在有充足未划分空间的情况下,创建一个新分区。</para>
- <!--
- <para>It is possible to install an LFS system (in fact even multiple LFS
- systems) on a partition already occupied by another
- operating system and the different systems will co-exist peacefully. The
- document <ulink url="&hints-root;lfs_next_to_existing_systems.txt"/>
- contains notes on how to implement this. This document was last updated
- in 2004. It has not been updated since and it has not been tested with
- recent versions of this LFS book. The document is more than likely not
- usable as-is and you will need to account for changes made to the LFS
- procedures since it was written. This is only recommended for expert LFS
- users.</para>
- -->
- <!--para>A minimal system requires a partition of around 6 gigabytes (GB).
- This is enough to store all the source tarballs and compile the packages.
- However, if the LFS system is intended to be the primary Linux system,
- additional software will probably be installed which will require additional
- space. A 20 GB partition is a reasonable size to provide for growth. The LFS
- system itself will not take up this much room. A large portion of this
- requirement is to provide sufficient free temporary storage as well as
- for adding additional capabilities after LFS is complete. Additionally, compiling
- packages can require a lot of disk space which will be reclaimed after the
- package is installed.</para-->
- <para>一个最小的系统需要大小约 6 吉字节 (GB) 的分区。
- 这足够保存所有源代码压缩包,并且编译所有软件包。
- 然而,如果希望用 LFS 作为日常的 Linux 系统,很可能需要安装额外软件,
- 需要更多空间。一个 20 GB 的分区是比较合理的,
- LFS 系统本身用不了太多空间,但大分区可以提供足够的临时存储空间,
- 以及在 LFS 构建完成后增添附加功能需要的空间。
- 另外,编译软件包可能需要大量磁盘空间,
- 但在软件包安装完成后可以回收这些空间。</para>
- <!--para>Because there is not always enough Random Access Memory (RAM) available
- for compilation processes, it is a good idea to use a small disk partition as
- <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> space. This is used by the
- kernel to store seldom-used data and leave more memory available for active
- processes. The <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> partition for
- an LFS system can be the same as the one used by the host system, in which
- case it is not necessary to create another one.</para-->
- <para>计算机未必有足够满足编译过程要求的内存 (RAM) 空间,
- 因此可以使用一个小的磁盘分区作为
- <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> 空间。
- 内核使用此分区存储很少使用的数据,从而为活动进程留出更多内存。
- LFS 的 <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem>
- 分区可以和宿主系统共用,这样就不用专门为 LFS 创建一个。</para>
- <!--para>Start a disk partitioning program such as <command>cfdisk</command>
- or <command>fdisk</command> with a command line option naming the hard
- disk on which the new partition will be created—for example
- <filename class="devicefile">/dev/sda</filename> for the primary Integrated
- Drive Electronics (IDE) disk. Create a Linux native partition and a
- <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> partition, if needed. Please
- refer to <filename>cfdisk(8)</filename> or <filename>fdisk(8)</filename> if
- you do not yet know how to use the programs.</para-->
- <para>启动一个磁盘分区程序,例如 <command>cfdisk</command>
- 或者<command>fdisk</command>。在启动分区程序时需要一个命令行参数,
- 表示希望创建新分区的硬盘,例如 IDE 主硬盘
- <filename class="devicefile">/dev/sda</filename>。
- 创建一个 Linux 本地分区,如果有必要的话再创建一个
- <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> 分区。
- 请参考 <filename>cfdisk(8)</filename> 或者
- <filename>fdisk(8)</filename> 来学习如何使用分区程序。</para>
- <!--note><para>For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are possible.
- The new LFS system can be on a software <ulink
- url="&blfs-book;postlfs/raid.html">RAID</ulink> array or an <ulink
- url="&blfs-book;postlfs/aboutlvm.html">LVM</ulink> logical volume.
- However, some of these options require an <ulink
- url="&blfs-book;postlfs/initramfs.html">initramfs</ulink>, which is
- an advanced topic. These partitioning methodologies are not recommended for
- first time LFS users.</para></note-->
- <note><para>有经验的用户可以尝试其他分区架构。
- LFS 系统可以被构建在软件
- <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/raid.html">RAID</ulink> 阵列或
- <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/aboutlvm.html">LVM</ulink>
- 逻辑卷上。然而,一些分区架构需要
- <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/initramfs.html">initramfs</ulink>,
- 这是一个比较复杂的话题。对于初次构建 LFS 的用户来说,
- 不推荐采用这些分区方法。</para></note>
- <!--para>Remember the designation of the new partition (e.g., <filename
- class="devicefile">sda5</filename>). This book will refer to this as
- the LFS partition. Also remember the designation of the <systemitem
- class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> partition. These names will be
- needed later for the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file.</para-->
- <para>牢记新分区的代号 (例如
- <filename class="devicefile">sda5</filename> )。
- 本书将这个分区称为 LFS 分区。还需要记住
- <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> 分区的代号。
- 之后在设置 <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 文件时要用到这些代号。
- </para>
- <sect2>
- <title>其他分区问题</title>
- <!--para>Requests for advice on system partitioning are often posted on the LFS mailing
- lists. This is a highly subjective topic. The default for most distributions
- is to use the entire drive with the exception of one small swap partition. This
- is not optimal for LFS for several reasons. It reduces flexibility, makes
- sharing of data across multiple distributions or LFS builds more difficult, makes
- backups more time consuming, and can waste disk space through inefficient
- allocation of file system structures.</para-->
- <para>经常有人在 LFS 邮件列表询问如何进行系统分区,
- 这是一个相当主观的问题。许多发行版在默认情况下会使用整个磁盘,
- 只留下一个小的 <systemitem class="filesystem"> swap </systemitem>
- 分区。对于 LFS 来说,这往往不是最好的方案。它削弱了系统的灵活性,
- 使得我们难以在多个发行版或 LFS 系统之间共享数据,增加系统备份时间,
- 同时导致文件系统结构的不合理分配,浪费磁盘空间。</para>
- <sect3>
- <title>根分区</title>
- <!--para>A root LFS partition (not to be confused with the
- <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory) of
- ten gigabytes is a good compromise for most systems. It provides enough
- space to build LFS and most of BLFS, but is small enough so that multiple
- partitions can be easily created for experimentation.</para-->
- <para>一个 LFS 根分区 (不要与
- <filename class="directory">/root</filename> 目录混淆) 一般分配
- 10 GB 的空间就足以保证多数系统的运行。它提供了构建 LFS 以及 BLFS
- 的大部分软件包的充足空间,但又不太大,因此能够创建多个分区,
- 多次尝试构建 LFS 系统。</para>
- </sect3>
- <sect3>
- <title>交换 (Swap) 分区</title>
- <!--para>Most distributions automatically create a swap partition. Generally
- the recommended size of the swap partition is about twice the amount of
- physical RAM, however this is rarely needed. If disk space is limited,
- hold the swap partition to two gigabytes and monitor the amount of disk
- swapping.</para-->
- <para>许多发行版自动创建交换空间。
- 一般来说,推荐采用两倍于物理内存的交换空间,然而这几乎没有必要。
- 如果磁盘空间有限,可以创建 2GB 的交换空间,并注意它的使用情况。
- </para>
- <!--para>Swapping is never good. Generally you can tell if a system is
- swapping by just listening to disk activity and observing how the system
- reacts to commands. The first reaction to swapping should be to check for
- an unreasonable command such as trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If
- swapping becomes a normal occurrence, the best solution is to purchase more
- RAM for your system.</para-->
- <para>交换到磁盘从来就不是一件好事。一般来说,听硬盘的工作噪声,
- 同时观察系统的响应速度,就能说出系统是否在交换。一旦发生交换,
- 首先检查是否输入了不合理的命令,例如试图编辑一个 5GB 的文件。
- 如果交换时常发生,最好的办法是为你的系统添置内存。</para>
- </sect3>
- <sect3>
- <title>Grub Bios 分区</title>
- <!--para>If the <emphasis>boot disk</emphasis> has been partitioned with a
- GUID Partition Table (GPT), then a small, typically 1 MB, partition must be
- created if it does not already exist. This partition is not formatted, but
- must be available for GRUB to use during installation of the boot
- loader. This partition will normally be labeled 'BIOS Boot' if using
- <command>fdisk</command> or have a code of <emphasis>EF02</emphasis> if
- using <command>gdisk</command>.</para-->
- <para>如果 <emphasis>启动磁盘</emphasis> 采用 GUID 分区表 (GPT),
- 那么必须创建一个小的,一般占据 1MB 的分区,除非它已经存在。
- 这个分区不能格式化,在安装启动引导器时必须能够被 GRUB 发现。
- 这个分区在 <command>fdisk</command> 下显示为 'BIOS Boot' 分区,
- 在 <command>gdisk</command> 下显示分区类型代号为
- <emphasis>EF02</emphasis>。</para>
- <!--note><para>The Grub Bios partition must be on the drive that the BIOS
- uses to boot the system. This is not necessarily the same drive where the
- LFS root partition is located. Disks on a system may use different
- partition table types. The requirement for this partition depends
- only on the partition table type of the boot disk.</para></note-->
- <note><para> Grub Bios 分区必须位于 BIOS 引导系统使用的磁盘上。
- 这个磁盘未必是 LFS 根分区所在的磁盘。
- 不同磁盘可以使用不同分区表格式,只有引导盘采用 GPT
- 时才必须创建该分区。</para></note>
- <note>
- <title>译注</title>
- <para>
- 使用 GPT 磁盘的读者也可以选择使用 UEFI 引导系统,
- 但需要划分 EFI 分区,以及额外的软件包和配置。参见
- <ulink url="&hints-root;lfs-uefi-20170207.txt"/>。
- </para>
- </note>
- </sect3>
- <sect3>
- <title>常用分区</title>
- <!--para>There are several other partitions that are not required, but should
- be considered when designing a disk layout. The following list
- is not comprehensive, but is meant as a guide.</para-->
- <para>还有其他几个并非必须,但在设计磁盘布局时应当考虑的分区。
- 下面的列表并不完整,但可以作为一个参考。</para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><!--para>/boot – Highly recommended. Use this partition to
- store kernels and other booting information. To minimize potential boot
- problems with larger disks, make this the first physical partition on
- your first disk drive. A partition size of 100 megabytes is quite
- adequate.</para-->
- <para>/boot – 高度推荐。这个分区可以存储内核和其他引导信息。
- 为了减少大磁盘可能引起的问题,
- 建议将 /boot 分区设为第一块磁盘的第一个分区。为它分配 100 MB
- 就绰绰有余。</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem><!--para>/home – Highly recommended. Share your home
- directory and user customization across multiple distributions or LFS
- builds. The size is generally fairly large and depends on available disk
- space.</para-->
- <para>/home – 高度推荐。独立的 /home 分区可以在多个发行版或 LFS
- 系统之间共享 home 目录和用户设置。它的尺寸一般很大,
- 取决于硬盘的可用空间。</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem><!--para>/usr – A separate /usr partition is generally used
- if providing a server for a thin client or diskless workstation. It is
- normally not needed for LFS. A size of five gigabytes will handle most
- installations.</para-->
- <para>/usr – 一个独立的 /usr
- 分区一般被用于瘦客户端或无盘站的服务器,LFS 一般不需要。
- 为它划分 5GB 足够满足多数系统的要求。</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem><!--para>/opt – This directory is most useful for
- BLFS where multiple installations of large packages like Gnome or KDE can
- be installed without embedding the files in the /usr hierarchy. If
- used, 5 to 10 gigabytes is generally adequate.</para-->
- <para>/opt – 这个目录往往被用于在 BLFS 中安装 Gnome 或 KDE
- 等大型软件,以免把大量文件塞进 /usr 目录树。
- 如果将它划分为独立分区,5 到 10 GB 一般就足够了。</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem><!--para>/tmp – A separate /tmp directory is rare, but
- useful if configuring a thin client. This partition, if used, will
- usually not need to exceed a couple of gigabytes.</para-->
- <para>/tmp – 一个独立的 /tmp 分区是很少见的,
- 但在配置瘦客户端时很有用。如果分配了这个分区,
- 大小一般不会超过几个 GB 。</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem><!--para>/usr/src – This partition is very
- useful for providing a location to store BLFS source files and
- share them across LFS builds. It can also be used as a location
- for building BLFS packages. A reasonably large partition of 30-50
- gigabytes allows plenty of room.</para-->
- <para>/usr/src – 将它划分为独立分区,可以用于存储 BLFS 源代码,
- 并在多个 LFS 系统之间共享它们。
- 它也可以用于编译 BLFS 软件包。30-50 GB 的分区可以提供足够的空间。
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <!--para>Any separate partition that you want automatically mounted upon boot
- needs to be specified in the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Details
- about how to specify partitions will be discussed in <xref
- linkend="ch-bootable-fstab"/>. </para-->
- <para>如果您希望在启动时自动挂载任何一个独立的分区,就要在
- <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 文件中说明。有关指定分区的细节将在
- <xref linkend="ch-bootable-fstab"/> 中讨论。 </para>
- </sect3>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
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