lfs-book-zh_CN/chapter06/util-linux.xml

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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
  %general-entities;
]>

<sect1 id="ch-system-util-linux" role="wrap">
  <?dbhtml filename="util-linux.html"?>

  <sect1info condition="script">
    <productname>util-linux</productname>
    <productnumber>&util-linux-version;</productnumber>
    <address>&util-linux-url;</address>
  </sect1info>

  <title>Util-linux-&util-linux-version;</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux">
    <primary sortas="a-Util-linux">Util-linux</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2 role="package">
    <title/>

    <para>Util-linux 软件包包含若干工具程序，包括处理文件系统、
    终端、分区和消息的工具。</para>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
      <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>&util-linux-ch6-sbu;</seg>
        <seg>&util-linux-ch6-du;</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>FHS 兼容性注意事项</title>

    <para>FHS 建议使用 <filename
    class="directory">/var/lib/hwclock</filename> 目录作为
    <filename>adjtime</filename> 文件的位置，而不是
	一般的 <filename class="directory">/etc</filename> 目录。
	首先创建该目录，启用 <command>hwclock</command> 程序的存储功能：</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>安装 Util-linux</title>
<!--
    <para>First, fix one of the regression tests:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -e 's/2^64/(2^64/' -e 's/E &lt;/E) &lt;=/' -e 's/ne /eq /' \
    -i tests/ts/ipcs/limits2</userinput></screen>
-->
    <para revision="systemd">删除之前创建的符号链接：</para>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput remap="pre">rm -vf /usr/include/{blkid,libmount,uuid}</userinput></screen>

    <para>准备安装 Util-linux：</para>

<screen revision="sysv"><userinput remap="configure">./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime   \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version; \
            --disable-chfn-chsh  \
            --disable-login      \
            --disable-nologin    \
            --disable-su         \
            --disable-setpriv    \
            --disable-runuser    \
            --disable-pylibmount \
            --disable-static     \
            --without-python     \
            --without-systemd    \
            --without-systemdsystemunitdir</userinput></screen>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput remap="configure">./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime   \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version; \
            --disable-chfn-chsh  \
            --disable-login      \
            --disable-nologin    \
            --disable-su         \
            --disable-setpriv    \
            --disable-runuser    \
            --disable-pylibmount \
            --disable-static     \
            --without-python</userinput></screen>

	<para>--disable 和 --without 选项防止一些警告，
		它们与一些 LFS 中不存在，
		或与其他软件包安装的程序不兼容的构建组件相关。</para>

    <para>编译该软件包：</para>

<screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen>

    <para>如果希望的话，以非 root 用户身份运行测试套件：</para>

    <warning><!--para>Running the test suite as the root user can be harmful to
    your system.  To run it, the CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG option for the kernel must
    be available in the currently running system, and must be built as a
    module.  Building it into the kernel will prevent booting.  For complete
    coverage, other BLFS packages must be installed.  If desired, this test can
    be run after rebooting into the completed LFS system and running:</para-->
    <para>以 root 用户身份运行测试套件可能对系统造成损害。
		为了运行它，内核配置选项 CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG
		必须在当前运行的系统中可用，且必须被构建为内核模块，
		直接将其构建为内核的一部分会导致系统无法引导。
		为了测试的完整覆盖，必须安装其他 BLFS 软件包。
		如果希望的话，可以在重新启动，进入完整的 LFS 系统后，
		执行以下命令运行测试：</para>

    <screen role="nodump"><userinput>bash tests/run.sh --srcdir=$PWD --builddir=$PWD</userinput></screen> 
    </warning>

    <screen><userinput remap="test">chown -Rv nobody .
su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"</userinput></screen>

    <para>安装该软件包：</para>

<screen><userinput remap="install">make install</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="contents-utillinux" role="content">
    <title>Util-linux 的内容</title>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>安装的程序</segtitle>
      <segtitle>安装的库</segtitle>
      <segtitle>安装的目录</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>addpart, agetty, blkdiscard, blkid, blkzone, blockdev, cal, cfdisk, chcpu,
        chmem, choom, chrt, col, colcrt, colrm, column, ctrlaltdel, delpart, dmesg,
        eject, fallocate, fdformat, fdisk, fincore, findfs, findmnt, flock, fsck,
        fsck.cramfs, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, getopt, hexdump, hwclock,
        i386, ionice, ipcmk, ipcrm, ipcs, isosize, kill, last, lastb (link to
        last), ldattach, linux32, linux64, logger, look, losetup, lsblk, lscpu,
        lsipc, lslocks, lslogins, lsmem, lsns, mcookie, mesg, mkfs, mkfs.bfs, mkfs.cramfs, mkfs.minix, mkswap,
        more, mount, mountpoint, namei, nsenter, partx, pivot_root, prlimit, raw,
        readprofile, rename, renice, resizepart, rev, rfkill, rtcwake, script,
        scriptreplay, setarch, setsid, setterm, sfdisk, sulogin, swaplabel,
        swapoff (link to swapon), swapon, switch_root, taskset, ul,
        umount, uname26, unshare, utmpdump, uuidd, uuidgen, uuidparse, wall, wdctl, whereis,
        wipefs, x86_64, 以及 zramctl</seg>
        <seg>libblkid.so, libfdisk.so, libmount.so, 
        libsmartcols.so, 以及 libuuid.so</seg>
        <seg>/usr/include/blkid, 
             /usr/include/libfdisk, 
             /usr/include/libmount, 
             /usr/include/libsmartcols, 
             /usr/include/uuid, 
             /usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version;, 
         以及 /var/lib/hwclock</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

    <variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">简要描述</bridgehead>
      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>

      <varlistentry id="addpart">
        <term><command>addpart</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>告知 Linux 内核有新的分区</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux addpart">
            <primary sortas="b-addpart">addpart</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="agetty">
        <term><command>agetty</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>打开 tty 端口，提示输入登录名，再启动
          <command>login</command> 程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux agetty">
            <primary sortas="b-agetty">agetty</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="blkdiscard">
        <term><command>blkdiscard</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>丢弃设备上的扇区</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux blkdiscard">
            <primary sortas="b-blkdiscard">blkdiscard</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="blkid">
        <term><command>blkid</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>一个命令行工具，用于定位和打印块设备属性</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux blkid">
            <primary sortas="b-blkid">blkid</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="blkzone">
        <term><command>blkzone</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>在给定块设备上运行 zone 命令</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux blkzone">
            <primary sortas="b-blkzone">blkzone</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="blockdev">
        <term><command>blockdev</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>允许用户从命令行调用块设备 ioctl</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux blockdev">
            <primary sortas="b-blockdev">blockdev</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="cal">
        <term><command>cal</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示简单的日历</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux cal">
            <primary sortas="b-cal">cal</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="cfdisk">
        <term><command>cfdisk</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>操作给定设备的分区表</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux cfdisk">
            <primary sortas="b-cfdisk">cfdisk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chcpu">
        <term><command>chcpu</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>修改 CPU 状态</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux chcpu">
            <primary sortas="b-chcpu">chcpu</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chmem">
        <term><command>chmem</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>配置内存</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux chmem">
            <primary sortas="b-chmem">chmem</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="choom">
        <term><command>choom</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示和调整 OOM-killer 分数</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux choom">
            <primary sortas="b-choom">choom</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chrt">
        <term><command>chrt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>操纵进程实时属性</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux chrt">
            <primary sortas="b-chrt">chrt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="col">
        <term><command>col</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>过滤掉反向换行符</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux col">
            <primary sortas="b-col">col</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="colcrt">
        <term><command>colcrt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>为缺失加粗、半行等功能的终端过滤 <command>nroff</command>
			  输出</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux colcrt">
            <primary sortas="b-colcrt">colcrt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="colrm">
        <term><command>colrm</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>过滤掉给定列</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux colrm">
            <primary sortas="b-colrm">colrm</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="column">
        <term><command>column</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将给定文件格式化为多栏</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux column">
            <primary sortas="b-column">column</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ctrlaltdel">
        <term><command>ctrlaltdel</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将 Ctrl+Alt+Del 键组合的功能设定为硬复位或软复位</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ctrlaltdel">
            <primary sortas="b-ctrlaltdel">ctrlaltdel</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="delpart">
        <term><command>delpart</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>要求 Linux 内核删除分区</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux delpart">
            <primary sortas="b-delpart">delpart</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="dmesg">
        <term><command>dmesg</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>转储内核引导消息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux dmesg">
            <primary sortas="b-dmesg">dmesg</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="eject">
        <term><command>eject</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>弹出可移动媒体</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux eject">
            <primary sortas="b-eject">eject</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fallocate">
        <term><command>fallocate</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>为文件预先分配空间</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fallocate">
            <primary sortas="b-fallocate">fallocate</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fdformat">
        <term><command>fdformat</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>低级格式化软盘</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fdformat">
            <primary sortas="b-fdformat">fdformat</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fdisk">
        <term><command>fdisk</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>操作给定设备的分区表</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fdisk">
            <primary sortas="b-fdisk">fdisk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fincore">
        <term><command>fincore</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>统计给定文件在内存中占用的页面数</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fincore">
            <primary sortas="b-fincore">fincore</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="findfs">
        <term><command>findfs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>根据通用唯一识别码（UUID）查找文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux findfs">
            <primary sortas="b-findfs">findfs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="findmnt">
        <term><command>findmnt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>是 libmount 库的命令行接口，可以处理
          mountinfo、fstab 和 mtab 文件</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux findmnt">
            <primary sortas="b-findmnt">findmnt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="flock">
        <term><command>flock</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>获取文件锁，并在持有锁的情况下运行命令</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux flock">
            <primary sortas="b-flock">flock</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fsck">
        <term><command>fsck</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>用于检查或修复文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fsck">
            <primary sortas="b-fsck">fsck</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fsck.cramfs">
        <term><command>fsck.cramfs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>用于对给定设备上的 Cramfs 文件系统进行一致性检查</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fsck.cramfs">
            <primary sortas="b-fsck.cramfs">fsck.cramfs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fsck.minix">
        <term><command>fsck.minix</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>用于对给定设备上的 Minix 文件系统进行一致性检查</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fsck.minix">
            <primary sortas="b-fsck.minix">fsck.minix</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fsfreeze">
        <term><command>fsfreeze</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>是内核驱动 ioctl 选项 FIFREEZE/FITHAW 的简单包装</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fsfreeze">
            <primary sortas="b-fsfreeze">fsfreeze</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="fstrim">
        <term><command>fstrim</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>丢弃已挂载文件系统上未使用的块</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux fstrim">
            <primary sortas="b-fstrim">fstrim</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="getopt">
        <term><command>getopt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>解析给定命令行的选项</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux getopt">
            <primary sortas="b-getopt">getopt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="hexdump">
        <term><command>hexdump</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>以十六进制或其他给定格式转储文件</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux hexdump">
            <primary sortas="b-hexdump">hexdump</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="hwclock">
        <term><command>hwclock</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>读取或设置系统硬件时钟，它又被称为实时时钟（RTC）
          或基本输入输出系统（BIOS）时钟</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux hwclock">
            <primary sortas="b-hwclock">hwclock</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="i386">
        <term><command>i386</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>到 setarch 的符号链接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux i386">
            <primary sortas="b-i386">i386</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ionice">
        <term><command>ionice</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>设定程序的 IO 调度类和优先级</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ionice">
            <primary sortas="b-ionice">ionice</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ipcmk">
        <term><command>ipcmk</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>创建多种 IPC 资源</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ipcmk">
            <primary sortas="b-ipcmk">ipcmk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ipcrm">
        <term><command>ipcrm</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>删除给定 IPC 资源</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ipcrm">
            <primary sortas="b-ipcrm">ipcrm</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ipcs">
        <term><command>ipcs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>提供 IPC 状态信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ipcs">
            <primary sortas="b-ipcs">ipcs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="isosize">
        <term><command>isosize</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>报告 ISO 9660 文件系统的大小</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux isosize">
            <primary sortas="b-isosize">isosize</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="kill">
        <term><command>kill</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>向进程发送信号</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux kill">
            <primary sortas="b-kill">kill</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="last">
        <term><command>last</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示哪些用户最后登录（或登出），
          	  在 <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> 文件中反向搜索；
			  它也会显示系统引导、关闭和运行级别变化记录</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux last">
            <primary sortas="b-last">last</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lastb">
        <term><command>lastb</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示
          <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> 记录的失败登录企图</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lastb">
            <primary sortas="b-lastb">lastb</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ldattach">
        <term><command>ldattach</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>为串口线附加行规则</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ldattach">
            <primary sortas="b-ldattach">ldattach</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="linux32">
        <term><command>linux32</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>到 setarch 的符号链接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux linux32">
            <primary sortas="b-linux32">linux32</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="linux64">
        <term><command>linux64</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>到 setarch 的符号链接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux linux64">
            <primary sortas="b-linux64">linux64</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="logger">
        <term><command>logger</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将给定消息记入系统日志</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux logger">
            <primary sortas="b-logger">logger</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="look">
        <term><command>look</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示以给定字符串开始的行</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux look">
            <primary sortas="b-look">look</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="losetup">
        <term><command>losetup</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>设定和控制回环设备</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux losetup">
            <primary sortas="b-losetup">losetup</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lsblk">
        <term><command>lsblk</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>以树状格式列出所有或给定块设备的信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lsblk">
            <primary sortas="b-lsblk">lsblk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lscpu">
        <term><command>lscpu</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>打印 CPU 体系结构信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lscpu">
            <primary sortas="b-lscpu">lscpu</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lsipc">
        <term><command>lsipc</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>打印系统当前部署的 IPC 设施的信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lsipc">
            <primary sortas="b-lsipc">lsipc</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lslocks">
        <term><command>lslocks</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>列出本地系统锁</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lslocks">
            <primary sortas="b-lslocks">lslocks</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lslogins">
        <term><command>lslogins</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>列出用户、组和系统账户的信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lslogins">
            <primary sortas="b-lslogins">lslogins</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lsmem">
        <term><command>lsmem</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>列出可用内存的范围和它们的在线状态</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lsmem">
            <primary sortas="b-lsmem">lsmem</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lsns">
        <term><command>lsns</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>列出命名空间</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux lsns">
            <primary sortas="b-lsns">lsns</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mcookie">
        <term><command>mcookie</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>为
			  <command>xauth</command> 创建魔术 cookie
			  （128位随机十六进制数）</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mcookie">
            <primary sortas="b-mcookie">mcookie</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mesg">
        <term><command>mesg</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>控制其他用户能否向当前用户终端发送消息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mesg">
            <primary sortas="b-mesg">mesg</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkfs">
        <term><command>mkfs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>在设备（一般是硬盘分区）上创建文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mkfs">
            <primary sortas="b-mkfs">mkfs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkfs.bfs">
        <term><command>mkfs.bfs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>创建 Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) bfs 文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mkfs.bfs">
            <primary sortas="b-mkfs.bfs">mkfs.bfs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkfs.cramfs">
        <term><command>mkfs.cramfs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>创建 cramfs 文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mkfs.cramfs">
            <primary sortas="b-mkfs.cramfs">mkfs.cramfs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkfs.minix">
        <term><command>mkfs.minix</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>创建 Minix 文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mkfs.minix">
            <primary sortas="b-mkfs.minix">mkfs.minix</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mkswap">
        <term><command>mkswap</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将给定文件或设备初始化为交换空间</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mkswap">
            <primary sortas="b-mkswap">mkswap</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="more">
        <term><command>more</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>用于对文本在屏幕上进行分页的过滤器</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux more">
            <primary sortas="b-more">more</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mount">
        <term><command>mount</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将给定设备上的文件系统挂载到文件系统树结构中的给定目录
          </para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mount">
            <primary sortas="b-mount">mount</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="mountpoint">
        <term><command>mountpoint</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>检查目录是否为挂载点</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux mountpoint">
            <primary sortas="b-mountpoint">mountpoint</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="namei">
        <term><command>namei</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示给定目录名中的符号链接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux namei">
            <primary sortas="b-namei">namei</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="nsenter">
        <term><command>nsenter</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>在其他程序的命名空间中运行程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux nsenter">
            <primary sortas="b-nsenter">nsenter</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="partx">
        <term><command>partx</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>告知内核磁盘分区的存在性和编号</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux partx">
            <primary sortas="b-partx">partx</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pivot_root">
        <term><command>pivot_root</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将当前进程的根文件系统设为给定文件系统</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux pivot_root">
            <primary sortas="b-pivot_root">pivot_root</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="prlimit">
        <term><command>prlimit</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>获取和设定进程资源限制</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux prlimit">
            <primary sortas="b-prlimit">prlimit</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="raw">
        <term><command>raw</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将 Linux raw 字符设备绑定到块设备</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux raw">
            <primary sortas="b-raw">raw</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="readprofile">
        <term><command>readprofile</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>读取内核性能分析信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux readprofile">
            <primary sortas="b-readprofile">readprofile</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="rename">
        <term><command>rename</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>重命名给定文件，将给定字符串替换为另一个字符串</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux rename">
            <primary sortas="b-rename">rename</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="renice">
        <term><command>renice</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>修改当前进程的优先级</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux renice">
            <primary sortas="b-renice">renice</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="resizepart">
        <term><command>resizepart</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>要求 Linux 内核改变分区大小</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux resizepart">
            <primary sortas="b-resizepart">resizepart</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="rev">
        <term><command>rev</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>反转给定文件的行</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux rev">
            <primary sortas="b-rev">rev</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="rkfill">
        <term><command>rkfill</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>用于启用或禁用无线设备的工具</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux rkfill">
            <primary sortas="b-rkfill">rkfill</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="rtcwake">
        <term><command>rtcwake</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>进入睡眠状态，直到给定的唤醒时间</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux rtcwake">
            <primary sortas="b-rtcwake">rtcwake</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="script">
        <term><command>script</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>记录终端会话打字机文档</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux script">
            <primary sortas="b-script">script</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="scriptreplay">
        <term><command>scriptreplay</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>根据计时信息重放终端会话打字机文档</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux scriptreplay">
            <primary sortas="b-scriptreplay">scriptreplay</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="setarch">
        <term><command>setarch</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>在新程序环境中修改系统报告的体系结构，
          并设置进程执行域信息</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux setarch">
            <primary sortas="b-setarch">setarch</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="setsid">
        <term><command>setsid</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>在新会话中运行给定程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux setsid">
            <primary sortas="b-setsid">setsid</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="setterm">
        <term><command>setterm</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>设定终端属性</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux setterm">
            <primary sortas="b-setterm">setterm</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sfdisk">
        <term><command>sfdisk</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>一个分区表修改器</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux sfdisk">
            <primary sortas="b-sfdisk">sfdisk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sulogin">
        <term><command>sulogin</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>允许 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 登录；
			  一般在系统进入单用户模式时由
			  <command>init</command> 执行</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux sulogin">
            <primary sortas="b-sulogin">sulogin</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="swaplabel">
        <term><command>swaplabel</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>允许修改交换空间 UUID 和标签</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux swaplabel">
            <primary sortas="b-swaplabel">swaplabel</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="swapoff">
        <term><command>swapoff</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>禁止在文件或设备上进行分页交换</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux swapoff">
            <primary sortas="b-swapoff">swapoff</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="swapon">
        <term><command>swapon</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>启用文件或设备上的分页交换，
          	  或列出当前用于交换的设备和文件</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux swapon">
            <primary sortas="b-swapon">swapon</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="switch_root">
        <term><command>switch_root</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将另一个文件系统切换为挂载树的根</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux switch_root">
            <primary sortas="b-switch_root">switch_root</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="tailf">
        <term><command>tailf</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>跟踪日志文件的增长；显示日志文件的最后 10 行，
          并在日志文件有新记录时继续显示它们</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux tailf">
            <primary sortas="b-tailf">tailf</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="taskset">
        <term><command>taskset</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>获取或设置进程 CPU 亲和性</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux taskset">
            <primary sortas="b-taskset">taskset</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="ul">
        <term><command>ul</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>将下划线 escape 序列转换为当前终端格式的过滤器</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux ul">
            <primary sortas="b-ul">ul</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="umount">
        <term><command>umount</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>解除文件系统与系统文件目录树的连接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux umount">
            <primary sortas="b-umount">umount</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="uname26">
        <term><command>uname26</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>到 setarch 的符号链接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux uname26">
            <primary sortas="b-uname26">uname26</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="unshare">
        <term><command>unshare</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>在某些命名空间与父进程脱离的情况下运行程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux unshare">
            <primary sortas="b-unshare">unshare</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="utmpdump">
        <term><command>utmpdump</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>以更加用户友好的格式显示给定登录文件</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux utmpdump">
            <primary sortas="b-utmpdump">utmpdump</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="uuidd">
        <term><command>uuidd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>UUID 库使用的守护进程，用于安全、确保唯一性地生成 UUID
          </para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux uuidd">
            <primary sortas="b-uuidd">uuidd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="uuidgen">
        <term><command>uuidgen</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>创建新的 UUID。
			  每个新的 UUID 可以被合理地认为在本地系统和其他系统上，
			  在过去和未来，都是唯一的</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux uuidgen">
            <primary sortas="b-uuidgen">uuidgen</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="uuidparse">
        <term><command>uuidparse</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>用于解析统一标识符的工具</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux uuidparse">
            <primary sortas="b-uuidparse">uuidparse</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="wall">
        <term><command>wall</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示文件或标准输入（默认值）的内容到所有登录用户的终端
          </para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux wall">
            <primary sortas="b-wall">wall</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="wdctl">
        <term><command>wdctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>显示硬件看门狗电路状态</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux wdctl">
            <primary sortas="b-wdctl">wdctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="whereis">
        <term><command>whereis</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>报告给定命令二进制文件、源代码文件和 man 页面的位置</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux whereis">
            <primary sortas="b-whereis">whereis</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="wipefs">
        <term><command>wipefs</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>从设备上擦除文件系统签名</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux wipefs">
            <primary sortas="b-wipefs">wipefs</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="x86_64">
        <term><command>x86_64</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>到 setarch 的符号链接</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux x86_64">
            <primary sortas="b-x86_64">x86_64</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="zramctl">
        <term><command>zramctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>设定和控制 zram (压缩内存盘) 的程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux zramctl">
            <primary sortas="b-zramctl">zramctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libblkid">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libblkid</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>包含设备识别和标识提取子程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux libblkid">
            <primary sortas="c-libblkid">libblkid</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libfdisk">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libfdisk</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>包含操作分区表的子程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux libfdisk">
            <primary sortas="c-libfdisk">libfdisk</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libmount">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libmount</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>包含挂载和解挂块设备的子程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux libmount">
            <primary sortas="c-libmount">libmount</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libsmartcols">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libsmartcols</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>包含以表格形式在屏幕上输出的辅助子程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux libsmartcols">
            <primary sortas="c-libsmartcols">libsmartcols</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libuuid">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libuuid</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>包含为对象生成唯一标识符，
          	  使它在本地系统以外也可以访问的子程序</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-util-linux libuuid">
            <primary sortas="c-libuuid">libuuid</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

  </sect2>

</sect1>