chapter06: Translate create file and symlink instruction

chapter06/createfiles.xml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 <sect1 id="ch-system-createfiles">
   <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>
 
-  <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title>
+  <title>创建必要的文件和符号链接</title>
 
   <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
     <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
@@ -34,10 +34,13 @@
     <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
   </indexterm>
 
-  <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet.
+  <!--para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet.
   In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which
   will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the
-  software has been installed:</para>
+  software has been installed:</para-->
+  <para>有些程序使用硬编码的路径访问当前还不存在的程序。
+	  为了满足它们的要求，需要创建一些符号链接。在本章的后续内容中，
+	  它们将被安装好的软件包中真正的文件替代：</para>
 
 <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,dd,echo,ln,pwd,rm,stty} /bin
 ln -sv /tools/bin/{install,perl} /usr/bin
@@ -69,101 +72,113 @@ ln -sv bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen>
 <!--sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/libstdc++.la > /usr/lib/libstdc++.la
    sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/lib${lib}.la > /usr/lib/lib${lib}.la-->
   <variablelist>
-    <title>The purpose of each link:</title>
+    <title>每个链接的目的：</title>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/bash</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>Many <command>bash</command> scripts specify
-        <filename>/bin/bash</filename>.</para>
+        <para>许多 <command>bash</command> 脚本指定了
+        <filename>/bin/bash</filename>。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/cat</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script.</para>
+        <para>这个路径硬编码在 Glibc 配置脚本中。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/dd</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>The path to <filename>dd</filename> will be hard-coded into the
-        <filename>/usr/bin/libtool</filename> utility.</para>
+        <para>指向 <filename>dd</filename> 的路径会被硬编码在
+        <filename>/usr/bin/libtool</filename> 工具中。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/echo</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which
-        expects <filename>/bin/echo</filename>.</para>
+        <!--para>This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which
+        expects <filename>/bin/echo</filename>.</para-->
+        <para>这是为了满足 Glibc 测试套件中的一项测试，它需要
+			<filename>/bin/echo</filename>。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/install</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>The path to <filename>install</filename> will be hard-coded into
-        the <filename>/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</filename> file.</para>
+        <!--para>The path to <filename>install</filename> will be hard-coded into
+        the <filename>/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</filename> file.</para-->
+        <para>指向 <filename>install</filename> 的路径会被硬编码到
+			<filename>/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</filename> 文件中。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/ln</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>The path to <filename>ln</filename> will be hard-coded into the
+        <!--para>The path to <filename>ln</filename> will be hard-coded into the
         <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
-         file.</para>
+         file.</para-->
+        <para>指向 <filename>ln</filename> 的路径会被硬编码到
+			<filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
+			文件中。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/pwd</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>Some <command>configure</command> scripts, particularly Glibc's,
-        have this pathname hard-coded.</para>
+        <para>某些 <command>configure</command> 脚本，特别是 Glibc 的，
+        硬编码了这个路径。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/rm</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>The path to <filename>rm</filename> will be hard-coded into the
+        <para>指向 <filename>rm</filename> 的路径会被硬编码到
+			<filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
+			文件中。</para>
+        <!--para>The path to <filename>rm</filename> will be hard-coded into the
         <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
-         file.</para>
+         file.</para-->
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/stty</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed
-        for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.</para>
+        <!--para>This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed
+        for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.</para-->
+		<para>这个路径被硬编码到 Expect 中，创建该链接才能使得
+			Binutils 和 GCC 通过测试套件测试。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the
-        <command>perl</command> program.</para>
+        <para>许多 Perl 脚本硬编码
+        <command>perl</command> 程序的路径。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work.</para>
+        <para>Glibc 需要它才能让 pthread 库正常工作。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as
-        for C++ support in GMP.</para>
+        <para>Glibc 测试套件中的若干项测试需要它, 另外构建 GMP 的 C++
+        支持也需要它。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 <!--
@@ -179,37 +194,51 @@ ln -sv bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen>
     <varlistentry revision="systemd">
       <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/lib{blkid,lzma,mount,uuid}.{a,la,so*}</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>These links prevent systemd utilities from acquiring an
+        <!--para>These links prevent systemd utilities from acquiring an
         unnecessary reference to the
-        <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory.</para>
+        <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory.</para-->
+        <para>这些链接防止 systemd 工具获得指向
+			<filename class="directory">/tools</filename>
+			目录的不必要的引用。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
     <varlistentry>
       <term><parameter><filename>/bin/sh</filename></parameter></term>
       <listitem>
-        <para>Many shell scripts hard-code <filename>/bin/sh</filename>.</para>
+		<para>许多 shell 脚本硬编码路径
+		  	<filename>/bin/sh</filename>。</para>
       </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
   </variablelist>
 
-  <para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the
+  <!--para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the
   file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list
   internally and exposes it to the user via the <filename
   class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that
   expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
-  symbolic link:</para>
+  symbolic link:</para-->
+  <para>历史上，Linux 在 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>
+	  维护已经挂载的文件系统的列表。现代内核在内部维护该列表，并通过
+	  <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> 文件系统将它展示给用户。
+	  为了满足那些需要 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 的工具，
+	  执行下列命令，创建符号链接：</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>
 
-  <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
+  <!--para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
   able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
   must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
   <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
 
   <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
-  command:</para>
+  command:</para-->
+  <para>为了使得 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
+	  能正常登录，而且它的用户名能被正常识别，必须在文件
+	  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/groups</filename>
+	  中写入相关的条目。</para>
+  <para>执行下列命令创建 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 文件：</para>
 
 <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
 <literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
@@ -235,11 +264,14 @@ systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false
 nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
 EOF</userinput></screen>
 
-  <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
-  (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para>
+  <!--para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
+  (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para-->
+  <para>我们以后再设置 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
+	  用户的实际密码（这里的 <quote>x</quote> 只是一个占位符）。</para>
 
-  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
-  command:</para>
+  <!--para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
+  command:</para-->
+  <para>执行下列命令，创建 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 文件：</para>
 
 <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
 <literal>root:x:0:
@@ -302,7 +334,7 @@ nogroup:x:99:
 users:x:999:</literal>
 EOF</userinput></screen>
 
-  <para>The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups
+  <!--para>The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups
   decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this
   chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing
   Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users
@@ -312,44 +344,77 @@ EOF</userinput></screen>
   a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be
   present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
   administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but
-  rather use the group's name.</para>
-
-  <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
+  rather use the group's name.</para-->
+  <para>这里创建的用户组并不属于任何标准 —— 它们一部分是为了满足本章中
+	  Udev 配置的需要，另一部分借鉴了一些 Linux 发行版的通用惯例。
+	  另外，某些测试套件需要特定的用户或组。Linux Standard Base
+	  （LSB，可以在 <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/> 查看）标准
+	  只推荐以组 ID 0 创建用户组
+	  <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem>，
+	  以及以组 ID 1 创建用户组
+	  <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem>，
+	  其他组名和组 ID 由系统管理员自由分配，因为好的程序不会依赖组 ID 数字，
+	  而是使用组名。</para>
+
+  <!--para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
   shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref
   linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the
   <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
   files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
-  work:</para>
+  work:</para-->
+  <para>为了移除 <quote>I have no name!</quote> 提示符，需要打开一个新
+	  shell。由于在 <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>
+	  中已经安装了一份完整的 Glibc，而且刚才创建了文件
+	  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/group</filename>，
+	  用户名和组名现在就可以正常解析了。</para>
 
 <screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>
 
-  <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
+  <!--para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
   <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
   directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
   executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
   installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
-  of this chapter.</para>
-
-  <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
+  of this chapter.</para-->
+  <para>注意这里使用了 <parameter>+h</parameter> 参数，
+	  它告诉 <command>bash</command> 不要使用内部的路径散列机制。
+	  如果没有指定该参数，<command>bash</command> 会记忆它执行过程序的路径。
+	  为了在安装新编译好的程序后马上使用它们，在本章中总是使用
+	  <parameter>+h</parameter>。</para>
+
+  <!--para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
   <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
   files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
   when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
   do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
-  proper permissions:</para>
+  proper permissions:</para-->
+  <para><command>login</command>、<command>agetty</command> 和
+	  <command>init</command> 等程序使用一些日志文件，
+	  以记录登录系统的用户和登录时间等信息。
+	  然而，这些程序不会创建不存在的日志文件。初始化日志文件，
+	  并为它们设置合适的权限：</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
 chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
 chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
 chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
 
-  <para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and
+  <!--para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and
   logouts. The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each
   user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records
   failed login attempts.  The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records
-  the bad login attempts.</para>
-
-  <note><para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that
+  the bad login attempts.</para-->
+  <para>文件 <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> 记录所有的登录和登出，
+	  文件 <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>
+	  记录每个用户最后登录的时间，文件 <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>
+	  记录所有失败的登录尝试，文件 <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename>
+	  记录所有错误的登录尝试。</para>
+
+  <note><!--para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that
   are currently logged in.  This file is created dynamically in the boot
-  scripts.</para></note>
+  scripts.</para-->
+  <para> 文件 <filename>/run/utmp</filename> 记录当前登录的用户，
+	  它由启动脚本动态创建。</para>
+  </note>
 
 </sect1>