lfs-book/chapter07/systemd-custom.xml

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<sect1 id="ch-scripts-systemd-custom">
  <?dbhtml filename="systemd-custom.html"?>

  <title>Systemd Usage and Configuration</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-systemd-custom">
    <primary sortas="e-Systemd">Systemd Customization</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2>
    <title>Basic Configuration</title>

    <para>The <filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> file contains a set
    of options to control basic systemd operations. The default file has all
    entries commented out with the default settings indicated. This file is
    where the log level may be changed as well as some basic logging settings.
    See <filename>systemd-system.conf(5)</filename> manual page for details on
    each configuration option.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Disabling Screen Clearing at Boot Time</title>

    <para>The normal behavior for systemd is to clear the screen at
    the end of the boot sequence. If desired, this behavior may be
    changed by running the following command:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d

cat &gt; /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/noclear.conf &lt;&lt; EOF
<literal>[Service]
TTYVTDisallocate=no</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    <para>The boot messages can always be revied by using the
    <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> command as the root user.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Disabling tmpfs for /tmp</title>

    <para>By default, <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> is created as
    a tmpfs. If this is not desired, it can be overridden by the following:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>ln -sfv /dev/null /etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount</userinput></screen>

    <para>This is not necessary if there is a separate partition for
    <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> specified in
    <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Configuring Automatic File Creation and Deletion</title>

    <para>There are several services that create or delete files or
    directories:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  
    <para>The system location for the configuration files is
    <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>. The local 
    configuration files are in
    <filename class="directory">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename>. Files in
    <filename class="directory">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> override
    files with the same name in
    <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename>. See
    <filename>tmpfiles.d(5)</filename> manual page  for file format
    details.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Overriding Default Services Behavior</title>

    <para>A systemd service contents can be overriden by creating a directory
    and a configuration file in <filename
    class="directory">/etc/systemd/system</filename>. For example:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d

cat > /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/foobar.conf &lt;&lt; EOF
<literal>[Service]
Restart=always
RestartSec=30</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

     <para>See <filename>systemd.unit(5)</filename> manual page for more
     information. After creating the configuration file, run
     <userinput>systemctl daemon-reload</userinput> and <userinput>systemctl
     restart foobar</userinput> to activate the changes to a service.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Debugging the Boot Sequence</title>

    <para>Rather than plain shell scripts used in SysVinit or BSD style init
    systems, systemd uses a unified format for different type of startup
    files (or units). The command <command>systemctl</command> is used to
    enable, disable, controll state, and obtain status of unit files. Here 
    are some examples of frequently used commands:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable>&lt;service&gt;</replaceable> [--all]</command>:
         lists loaded unit files of type service.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable>&lt;target&gt;</replaceable> [--all]</command>:
         lists loaded unit files of type target.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>systemctl show -p Wants <replaceable>&lt;multi-user.target&gt;</replaceable></command>:
         shows all units that depend on the multi-user target. Targets are
         special unit files that are anogalous to runlevels under
         SysVinit.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>systemctl status <replaceable>&lt;servicename.service&gt;</replaceable></command>:
         shows the status of the servicename service. The .service extension
         can be omitted if there are no other unit files with the same name,
         such as .socket files (which create a listening socket that provides
         similar functionality to inetd/xinetd).</para>
       </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Working with the Systemd Journal</title>

    <para>Logging on a system booted with systemd is handled by
    systemd-journald (default), rather than a typical unix syslog daemon. 
    systemd-journald write log entries to a binary file format, rather than
    a plain text log file. To assist with parsing the file, the command
    <command>journalctl</command> is provided. Here are some examples of
    frequently used commands:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>journalctl -r</command>: shows all contents of the
         journal in reverse chronological order.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>journalctl -u <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command>:
         shows the journal entries associated with the specified UNIT
         file.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>journalctl -b[=ID] -r</command>: shows the journal
         entries since last successfull boot (or for boot ID) in reverse
         chronological order.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
         <para><command>journalctl -f</command>: povides functionality similar
         to tail -f (follow).</para>
       </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
</sect1>