lfs-book/chapter06/systemd.xml

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<sect1 id="ch-system-systemd" role="wrap" revision="systemd">
  <?dbhtml filename="systemd.html"?>

  <sect1info condition="script">
    <productname>systemd</productname>
    <productnumber>&systemd-version;</productnumber>
    <address>&systemd-url;</address>
  </sect1info>

  <title>Systemd-&systemd-version;</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd">
    <primary sortas="a-systemd">systemd</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2 role="package">
    <title/>

    <para>The systemd package contains programs for controlling the startup,
    running, and shutdown of the system.</para>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
      <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>&systemd-ch6-sbu;</seg>
        <seg>&systemd-ch6-du;</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>Installation of systemd</title>

    <para>First, apply a patch to fix various bugs since the release
    of systemd-243.</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">patch -Np1 -i ../systemd-&systemd-version;-consolidated_fixes-2.patch</userinput></screen>

    <para>Create a symlink to work around missing xsltproc:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">ln -sf /tools/bin/true /usr/bin/xsltproc</userinput></screen>

    <para>Because we have not yet installed the final version of Util-Linux,
    create links to the libraries in the approprite location:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">for file in /tools/lib/lib{blkid,mount,uuid}.so*; do
    ln -sf $file /usr/lib/
done</userinput></screen>

    <para>Set up the man pages:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">tar -xf ../systemd-man-pages-&systemd-version;.tar.xz</userinput></screen>

    <para>Remove tests that cannot be built in chroot:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">sed '177,$ d' -i src/resolve/meson.build</userinput></screen>

    <para>Remove an unneeded group,
    <systemitem class="groupname">render</systemitem>, from the default udev
    rules:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -i 's/GROUP="render", //' rules/50-udev-default.rules.in</userinput></screen>

    <para>Prepare systemd for compilation:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="configure">mkdir -p build
cd       build

PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/lib/pkgconfig:/tools/lib/pkgconfig" \
LANG=en_US.UTF-8                   \
meson --prefix=/usr                \
      --sysconfdir=/etc            \
      --localstatedir=/var         \
      -Dblkid=true                 \
      -Dbuildtype=release          \
      -Ddefault-dnssec=no          \
      -Dfirstboot=false            \
      -Dinstall-tests=false        \
      -Dkmod-path=/bin/kmod        \
      -Dldconfig=false             \
      -Dmount-path=/bin/mount      \
      -Drootprefix=                \
      -Drootlibdir=/lib            \
      -Dsplit-usr=true             \
      -Dsulogin-path=/sbin/sulogin \
      -Dsysusers=false             \
      -Dumount-path=/bin/umount    \
      -Db_lto=false                \
      -Drpmmacrosdir=no            \
      ..</userinput></screen>

    <variablelist>
      <title>The meaning of the meson options:</title>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-D*-path=*</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>These switches provide location of binaries needed by
          systemd at runtime that have not yet been installed, or who's
          pkgconfig files are currently only in
          <filename>/tools/lib/pkgconfig</filename>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Ddefault-dnssec=no</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch turns off the experimental DNSSEC support.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Dfirstboot=false</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch prevents installation of systemd
          services responsible for setting up the system for
          the first time. They are not useful for LFS because
          everything is done manually.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Dinstall-tests=false</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch prevents installation of the compiled tests.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Dldconfig=false</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch prevents installation of a systemd unit that runs
          <command>ldconfig</command> at boot, which is not useful for source
          distributions such as LFS and makes the boot time longer. Remove it
          if the described feature is desired.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Droot*</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>These switches ensure that core programs and
          shared libraries are installed in the subdirectories
          of the root partition.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Dsplit-usr=true</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch ensures that systemd will work on
          systems where /bin, /lib and /sbin directories are not
          symlinks to their /usr counterparts.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Dsysusers=false</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch prevents installation of systemd
          services responsible for setting up the
          <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
          <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> files. Both files
          were created earlier in this chapter.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><parameter>-Drpmmacrosdir=no</parameter></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This switch disables installation of RPM Macros
          for use with systemd because LFS does not support RPM.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>Compile the package:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="make">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ninja</userinput></screen>
<!--
    <para>To test the package, execute the following command:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="test">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ninja test</userinput></screen>
-->
    <para>Install the package:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="install">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ninja install</userinput></screen>

    <para>Remove an unnecessary symbolic link:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="install">rm -f /usr/bin/xsltproc</userinput></screen>

    <para>Create the <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> file needed by
    <command>systemd-journald</command>:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="adjust">systemd-machine-id-setup</userinput></screen>

    <para>Setup the basic target structure:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="adjust">systemctl preset-all</userinput></screen>

    <para>Disable a service that is known to cause problems with systems that
    use a network configuration other than what is provided by
    systemd-networkd:</para>
    <!-- Observed halting startup with dhcpcd handling the primary NIC -->
 
<screen><userinput remap="adjust">systemctl disable systemd-time-wait-sync.service</userinput></screen>

    <para>Prevent systemd from resetting the maximum PID value which causes
    some problems with packages and units in BLFS:</para>
    <!-- FCRON in particular -->

<screen><userinput remap="adjust">rm -f /etc/sysctl.d/50-pid-max.conf</userinput></screen>

    <para>Cleanup symbolic links to Util-Linux libraries:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="adjust">rm -fv /usr/lib/lib{blkid,uuid,mount}.so*</userinput></screen>

    <para>Prevent systemd from creating <filename>/run/nologin</filename>
    to allow unprivileged user logins without
    <application>systemd-logind</application>:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="adjust">rm -f /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd-nologin.conf</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

<!-- ====== 32-bit ===== -->

  <sect2 arch="ml_32,ml_all" role="installation">
    <title>Installation of systemd - 32-bit</title>

    <para>If still in the build directory, step out:</para>
<screen><userinput remap="pre">cd ..</userinput></screen>

    <para>Clean previous build:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">rm -rf build</userinput></screen>

    <para>Create a symlink to work around missing xsltproc:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">ln -sf /tools/bin/true /usr/bin/xsltproc</userinput></screen>

    <para>Because we have not yet installed the final version of Util-Linux,
    create links to the libraries in the approprite location:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">for file in /tools/lib32/lib{blkid,mount,uuid}*; do
    ln -sf $file /usr/lib32/
done</userinput></screen>

    <para>Set up the man pages:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">tar -xf ../systemd-man-pages-&systemd-version;.tar.xz</userinput></screen>

    <para>Prepare systemd for compilation:</para>

    <screen><userinput remap="configure">cd build
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/lib32/pkgconfig:/tools/lib32/pkgconfig" \
CC="gcc -m32 -march=i686"              \
CXX="g++ -m32 -march=i686"             \
LANG=en_US.UTF-8                       \
meson --prefix=/usr                    \
      --sysconfdir=/etc                \
      --localstatedir=/var             \
      -Dblkid=true                     \
      -Dbuildtype=release              \
      -Ddefault-dnssec=no              \
      -Dfirstboot=false                \
      -Dinstall-tests=false            \
      -Dkill-path=/bin/kill            \
      -Dkmod-path=/bin/kmod            \
      -Dldconfig=false                 \
      -Dmount-path=/bin/mount          \
      -Drootprefix=                    \
      -Drootlibdir=/usr/lib32          \
      -Dsplit-usr=true                 \
      -Dsulogin-path=/sbin/sulogin     \
      -Dsysusers=false                 \
      -Dumount-path=/bin/umount        \
      -Db_lto=false                    \
      ..</userinput></screen>

    <para>Compile the package:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="make">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ninja</userinput></screen>

    <para>Install the package:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="install">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 DESTDIR=$PWD/DESTDIR ninja install
cp -Rv DESTDIR/usr/lib32/* /usr/lib32
rm -rf DESTDIR
rm -f /usr/bin/xsltproc</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

<!-- ====== x32-bit ===== -->

  <sect2 arch="ml_x32,ml_all" role="installation">
    <title>Installation of systemd - x32-bit</title>

    <para>If still in the build directory, step out:</para>
<screen><userinput remap="pre">cd ..</userinput></screen>

    <para>Clean previous build:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">rm -rf build</userinput></screen>

    <para>Create a symlink to work around missing xsltproc:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">ln -sf /tools/bin/true /usr/bin/xsltproc</userinput></screen>

    <para>Because we have not yet installed the final version of Util-Linux,
    create links to the libraries in the approprite location:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">for file in /tools/libx32/lib{blkid,mount,uuid}*; do
    ln -sf $file /usr/libx32/
done</userinput></screen>

    <para>Set up the man pages:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">tar -xf ../systemd-man-pages-&systemd-version;.tar.xz</userinput></screen>

    <para>Fix an issue on x32:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="pre">sed '/log_debug/s@PRI_TIMEX@PRIi64@' -i src/timesync/timesyncd-manager.c
sed '/long drift_freq;/s@long @int64_t @' -i src/timesync/timesyncd-manager.h</userinput></screen>

    <para>Prepare systemd for compilation:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="configure">cd build
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/tools/libx32/pkgconfig:/usr/libx32/pkgconfig" \
CC="gcc -mx32"                          \
CXX="g++ -mx32"                         \
CFLAGS+="-Wno-error=shift-overflow"     \
CXXFLAGS+="-Wno-error=shift-overflow"   \
LANG=en_US.UTF-8                        \
meson --prefix=/usr                     \
      --sysconfdir=/etc                 \
      --localstatedir=/var              \
      -Dblkid=true                      \
      -Dbuildtype=release               \
      -Ddefault-dnssec=no               \
      -Dfirstboot=false                 \
      -Dinstall-tests=false             \
      -Dkill-path=/bin/kill             \
      -Dkmod-path=/bin/kmod             \
      -Dldconfig=false                  \
      -Dmount-path=/bin/mount           \
      -Drootprefix=                     \
      -Drootlibdir=/usr/libx32          \
      -Dsplit-usr=true                  \
      -Dsulogin-path=/sbin/sulogin      \
      -Dsysusers=false                  \
      -Dumount-path=/bin/umount         \
      -Db_lto=false                     \
      ..</userinput></screen>

    <para>Compile the package:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="make">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ninja</userinput></screen>

    <para>Install the package:</para>

<screen><userinput remap="install">LANG=en_US.UTF-8 DESTDIR=$PWD/DESTDIR ninja install
cp -Rv DESTDIR/usr/libx32/* /usr/libx32
rm -rf DESTDIR
rm -f /usr/bin/xsltproc</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="contents-systemd" role="content">
    <title>Contents of systemd</title>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
      <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
      <segtitle>Installed directories</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>bootctl, busctl, coredumpctl, halt (symlink to systemctl),
        hostnamectl, init, journalctl, kernel-install, localectl, loginctl,
        machinectl, networkctl, portablectl, poweroff (symlink to
        systemctl), reboot (symlink to systemctl), resolvconf (symlink to
        resolvectl), resolvectl, runlevel (symlink to systemctl), shutdown
        (symlink to systemctl), systemctl, systemd-analyze,
        systemd-ask-password, systemd-cat, systemd-cgls, systemd-cgtop,
        systemd-delta, systemd-detect-virt, systemd-escape, systemd-hwdb,
        systemd-id128, systemd-inhibit, systemd-machine-id-setup,
        systemd-mount, systemd-notify, systemd-nspawn, systemd-path,
        systemd-resolve (symlink to resolvectl), systemd-run,
        systemd-socket-activate, systemd-stdio-bridge, systemd-tmpfiles,
        systemd-tty-ask-password-agent, systemd-umount (symlink to
        systemd-mount), telinit (symlink to systemctl), timedatectl, and
        udevadm</seg>
        <seg>libnss_myhostname.so.2, libnss_mymachines.so.2,
        libnss_resolve.so.2, libnss_systemd.so.2,
        libsystemd.so, libsystemd-shared-&systemd-version;.so (in /lib/systemd),
        and libudev.so</seg>
        <seg>/etc/binfmt.d, /etc/init.d, /etc/kernel, /etc/modules-load.d,
        /etc/sysctl.d, /etc/systemd, /etc/tmpfiles.d, /etc/udev,
        /etc/xdg/systemd, /lib/systemd, /lib/udev, /usr/include/systemd,
        /usr/lib/binfmt.d, /usr/lib/kernel, /usr/lib/modules-load.d,
        /usr/lib/sysctl.d, /usr/lib/systemd, /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d,
        /usr/share/doc/systemd-&systemd-version;, /usr/share/factory,
        /usr/share/systemd, /var/lib/systemd, and /var/log/journal</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

    <variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>

      <varlistentry id="bootctl">
        <term><command>bootctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query the firmware and boot manager settings</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd bootctl">
            <primary sortas="b-bootctl">bootctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="busctl">
        <term><command>busctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to introspect and monitor the D-Bus bus</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd busctl">
            <primary sortas="b-busctl">busctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="coredumpctl">
        <term><command>coredumpctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to retrieve coredumps from the systemd journal</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd coredumpctl">
            <primary sortas="b-coredumpctl">coredumpctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="halt">
        <term><command>halt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Normally invokes <command>shutdown</command> with the
          <parameter>-h</parameter> option, except when already in run-level 0,
          then it tells the kernel to halt the system; it notes in the
          file <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> that the system is being
          brought down</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd halt">
            <primary sortas="b-halt">halt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="hostnamectl">
        <term><command>hostnamectl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query and change the system hostname and related
          settings</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd hostnamectl">
            <primary sortas="b-hostnamectl">hostnamectl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="init">
        <term><command>init</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>The first process to be started when the kernel has initialized
          the hardware which takes over the boot process and starts all 
          processes according to its configuration files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd init">
            <primary sortas="b-init">init</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="journalctl">
        <term><command>journalctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query the contents of the systemd journal</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd journalctl">
            <primary sortas="b-journalctl">journalctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="kernel-install">
        <term><command>kernel-install</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to add and remove kernel and initramfs images to and
          from /boot</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd kernel-install">
            <primary sortas="b-kernel-install">kernel-install</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="localectl">
        <term><command>localectl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query and change the system locale and keyboard layout
          settings</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd localectl">
            <primary sortas="b-localectl">localectl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="loginctl">
        <term><command>loginctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to introspect and control the state of the systemd Login
          Manager</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd loginctl">
            <primary sortas="b-loginctl">loginctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="machinectl">
        <term><command>machinectl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to introspect and control the state of the systemd Virtual
          Machine and Container Registration Manager</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd machinectl">
            <primary sortas="b-machinectl">machinectl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="networkctl">
        <term><command>networkctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to introspect the state of the network links as seen by
          systemd-networkd</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd networkctl">
            <primary sortas="b-networkctl">networkctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="portablectl">
        <term><command>portablectl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to attach or detach portable services from the local
          system</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd portablectl">
            <primary sortas="b-portablectl">portablectl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="poweroff">
        <term><command>poweroff</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Tells the kernel to halt the system and switch off the computer
          (see <command>halt</command>)</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd poweroff">
            <primary sortas="b-poweroff">poweroff</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="reboot">
        <term><command>reboot</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Tells the kernel to reboot the system (see
          <command>halt</command>)</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd reboot">
            <primary sortas="b-reboot">reboot</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="resolvconf">
        <term><command>resolvconf</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Register DNS server and domain configuration with
          <command>systemd-resolved</command></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd resolvconf">
            <primary sortas="b-resolvconf">resolvconf</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="resolvectl">
        <term><command>resolvectl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Send control commands to the network name resolution
          manager, or resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses,
          DNS records, and services.</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd resolvectl">
            <primary sortas="b-resolvectl">resolvectl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="runlevel">
        <term><command>runlevel</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the previous and the current run-level, as noted in the
          last run-level record in <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd runlevel">
            <primary sortas="b-runlevel">runlevel</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="shutdown">
        <term><command>shutdown</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Brings the system down in a secure way, signaling all processes
          and notifying all logged-in users</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd shutdown">
            <primary sortas="b-shutdown">shutdown</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemctl">
        <term><command>systemctl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to introspect and control the state of the systemd system
          and service manager</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemctl">
            <primary sortas="b-systemctl">systemctl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-analyze">
        <term><command>systemd-analyze</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to determine system boot-up performance of the current
          boot</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-analyze">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-analyze">systemd-analyze</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-ask-password">
        <term><command>systemd-ask-password</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query a system password or passphrase from the user,
          using a question message specified on the command line</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-ask-password">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-ask-password">systemd-ask-password</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-cat">
        <term><command>systemd-cat</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to connect STDOUT and STDERR of a process with the Journal
          </para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-cat">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-cat">systemd-cat</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-cgls">
        <term><command>systemd-cgls</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Recursively shows the contents of the selected Linux control
          group hierarchy in a tree</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-cgls">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-cgls">systemd-cgls</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-cgtop">
        <term><command>systemd-cgtop</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Shows the top control groups of the local Linux control group
          hierarchy, ordered by their CPU, memory and disk I/O load</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-cgtop">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-cgtop">systemd-cgtop</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-delta">
        <term><command>systemd-delta</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to identify and compare configuration files in
          <filename class="directory">/etc</filename> that override default
          counterparts in <filename class="directory">/usr</filename></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-delta">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-delta">systemd-delta</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-detect-virt">
        <term><command>systemd-detect-virt</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Detects execution in a virtualized environment</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-detect-virt">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-detect-virt">systemd-detect-virt</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-escape">
        <term><command>systemd-escape</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to escape strings for inclusion in systemd unit
          names</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-escape">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-escape">systemd-escape</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-hwdb">
        <term><command>systemd-hwdb</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to manage hardware database (hwdb)</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-hwdb">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-hwdb">systemd-hwdb</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-id128">
        <term><command>systemd-id128</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Generate and print id128 strings</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-id128">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-id128">systemd-id128</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-inhibit">
        <term><command>systemd-inhibit</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to execute a program with a shutdown, sleep or idle
          inhibitor lock taken</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-inhibit">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-inhibit">systemd-inhibit</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-machine-id-setup">
        <term><command>systemd-machine-id-setup</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used by system installer tools to initialize the machine ID
          stored in <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> at install time with a
          randomly generated ID</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-machine-id-setup">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-machine-id-setup">systemd-machine-id-setup</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-mount">
        <term><command>systemd-mount</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>A tool to temporarily mount or auto-mount a drive.</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-mount">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-mount">systemd-mount</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-notify">
        <term><command>systemd-notify</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used by daemon scripts to notify the init system about status
          changes</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-notify">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-notify">systemd-notify</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-nspawn">
        <term><command>systemd-nspawn</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to run a command or OS in a light-weight namespace
          container</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-nspawn">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-nspawn">systemd-nspawn</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-path">
        <term><command>systemd-path</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query system and user paths</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-path">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-path">systemd-path</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-resolve">
        <term><command>systemd-resolve</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to resolve domain names, IPV4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS
          resource records, and services</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-resolve">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-resolve">systemd-resolve</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-run">
        <term><command>systemd-run</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to create and start a transient .service or a .scope unit
          and run the specified command in it</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-run">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-run">systemd-run</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <!-- <varlistentry id="systemd-stdio-bridge">
        <term><command>systemd-stdio-bridge</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>To be completed</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-stdio-bridge">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-stdio-bridge">systemd-stdio-bridge</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry> -->

      <varlistentry id="systemd-socket-activate">
        <term><command>systemd-socket-activate</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>A tool to listen on socket devices and launch a process upon
          connection.</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-socket-activate">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-socket-activate">systemd-socket-activate</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-tmpfiles">
        <term><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates, deletes and cleans up volatile and temporary files and
          directories, based on the configuration file format and location
          specified in
          <filename class="directory">tmpfiles.d</filename> directories</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-tmpfiles">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-tmpfiles">systemd-tmpfiles</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-umount">
        <term><command>systemd-umount</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Unmount mount points</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-umount">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-umount">systemd-umount</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="systemd-tty-ask-password-agent">
        <term><command>systemd-tty-ask-password-agent</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to list or process pending systemd password requests</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd systemd-tty-ask-password-agent">
            <primary sortas="b-systemd-tty-ask-password-agent">systemd-tty-ask-password-agent</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="telinit">
        <term><command>telinit</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Tells <command>init</command> which run-level to change
          to</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd telinit">
            <primary sortas="b-telinit">telinit</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="timedatectl">
        <term><command>timedatectl</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to query and change the system clock and its settings
          </para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd timedatectl">
            <primary sortas="b-timedatectl">timedatectl</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="udevadm">
        <term><command>udevadm</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Generic udev administration tool: controls the udevd daemon,
          provides info from the Udev database, monitors uevents, waits for
          uevents to finish, tests udev configuration, and triggers uevents
          for a given device</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd udevadm">
            <primary sortas="b-udevadm">udevadm</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libsystemd">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libsystemd</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>The main systemd utility library</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd libsystemd">
            <primary sortas="c-libsystemd">libsystemd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libudev">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libudev</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>A library to access Udev device information</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-systemd libudev">
            <primary sortas="c-libudev">libudev</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

  </sect2>

</sect1>