%general-entities; ]> /etc/passwd /etc/group /var/run/utmp /var/log/btmp /var/log/lastlog /var/log/wtmp Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software has been installed: ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,echo,pwd,stty} /bin ln -sv /tools/bin/perl /usr/bin ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.so{,.6} /usr/lib sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/libstdc++.la > /usr/lib/libstdc++.la ln -sv bash /bin/sh /bin/bash Many bash scripts specify /bin/bash. /bin/cat This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script. /bin/echo This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which expects /bin/echo. /bin/pwd Some configure scripts, particularly Glibc's, have this pathname hard-coded. /bin/stty This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass. /usr/bin/perl Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the perl program. /usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work. /usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6} This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as for C++ support in GMP. /usr/lib/libstdc++.la This prevents a /tools reference that would otherwise be in /usr/lib/libstdc++.la after GCC is installed. /bin/sh Many shell scripts hard-code /bin/sh. Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the file /etc/mtab. Modern kernels maintain this list internally and exposes it to the user via the /proc filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of /etc/mtab, create the following symbolic link: ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab In order for user root to be able to login and for the name root to be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files. Create the /etc/passwd file by running the following command: cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF" root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false EOF The actual password for root (the x used here is just a placeholder) will be set later. Create the /etc/group file by running the following command: cat > /etc/group << "EOF" root:x:0: bin:x:1:daemon sys:x:2: kmem:x:3: tape:x:4: tty:x:5: daemon:x:6: floppy:x:7: disk:x:8: lp:x:9: dialout:x:10: audio:x:11: video:x:12: utmp:x:13: usb:x:14: cdrom:x:15: adm:x:16: messagebus:x:18: systemd-journal:x:23: input:x:24: mail:x:34: systemd-bus-proxy:x:72: systemd-journal-gateway:x:73: systemd-journal-remote:x:74: systemd-journal-upload:x:75: systemd-network:x:76: systemd-resolve:x:77: systemd-timesync:x:78: systemd-coredump:x:79: nogroup:x:99: users:x:999: EOF The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at ) recommends only that, besides the group root with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group bin with a GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name. To remove the I have no name! prompt, start a new shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in and the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now work: exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h Note the use of the +h directive. This tells bash not to use its internal path hashing. Without this directive, bash would remember the paths to binaries it has executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are installed, the +h directive will be used for the duration of this chapter. The login, agetty, and init programs (and others) use a number of log files to record information such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them proper permissions: touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp} chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp The /var/log/wtmp file records all logins and logouts. The /var/log/lastlog file records when each user last logged in. The /var/log/faillog file records failed login attempts. The /var/log/btmp file records the bad login attempts. The /run/utmp file records the users that are currently logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot scripts.