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createfiles.po 17 KB

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  1. msgid ""
  2. msgstr ""
  3. "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
  4. "POT-Creation-Date: 2020-06-17 12:44+0800\n"
  5. "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
  6. "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
  7. "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
  8. "Language: zh_CN\n"
  9. "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
  10. "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
  11. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
  12. "X-Generator: Translate Toolkit 2.2.5\n"
  13. #. type: Content of: <sect1><title>
  14. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:11
  15. msgid "Creating Essential Files and Symlinks"
  16. msgstr "创建必要的文件和符号链接"
  17. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  18. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:14
  19. msgid "/etc/passwd"
  20. msgstr "/etc/passwd"
  21. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  22. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:18
  23. msgid "/etc/group"
  24. msgstr "/etc/group"
  25. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  26. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:22
  27. msgid "/var/run/utmp"
  28. msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
  29. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  30. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:26
  31. msgid "/var/log/btmp"
  32. msgstr "/var/log/btmp"
  33. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  34. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:30
  35. msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
  36. msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
  37. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  38. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:34
  39. msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
  40. msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
  41. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  42. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:37
  43. msgid ""
  44. "Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the file "
  45. "<filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list internally "
  46. "and exposes it to the user via the <filename class=\"directory\">/proc</"
  47. "filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of "
  48. "<filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following symbolic link:"
  49. msgstr ""
  50. "历史上,Linux 在 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 维护已经挂载的文件系统的列"
  51. "表。现代内核在内部维护该列表,并通过 <filename class=\"directory\">/proc</"
  52. "filename> 文件系统将它展示给用户。为了满足那些需要 <filename>/etc/mtab</"
  53. "filename> 的工具,执行以下命令,创建符号链接:"
  54. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  55. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:44
  56. #, no-wrap
  57. msgid "<userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput>"
  58. msgstr "<userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput>"
  59. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  60. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:46
  61. msgid ""
  62. "Create a basic <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file to be referenced in some "
  63. "test suites, and in one of Perl's configuration files as well:"
  64. msgstr ""
  65. "创建一个基本的 <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> 文件,"
  66. "一些测试套件,以及 Perl 的一个配置文件将会使用它:"
  67. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  68. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:50
  69. #, no-wrap
  70. msgid "<userinput>echo \"127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)\" &gt; /etc/hosts</userinput>"
  71. msgstr "<userinput>echo \"127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)\" &gt; /etc/hosts</userinput>"
  72. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  73. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:52
  74. msgid ""
  75. "In order for user <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> to be "
  76. "able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there "
  77. "must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and "
  78. "<filename>/etc/group</filename> files."
  79. msgstr ""
  80. "为了使得 <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> 能正常登录,而且用"
  81. "户名 <quote>root</quote> 能被正常识别,必须在文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</"
  82. "filename> 和 <filename>/etc/groups</filename> 中写入相关的条目。"
  83. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  84. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:57
  85. msgid ""
  86. "Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following "
  87. "command:"
  88. msgstr "执行以下命令创建 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 文件:"
  89. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  90. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:60
  91. #, no-wrap
  92. msgid ""
  93. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  94. "<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
  95. "bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  96. "daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  97. "messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
  98. "nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
  99. "EOF</userinput>"
  100. msgstr ""
  101. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  102. "<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
  103. "bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  104. "daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  105. "messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
  106. "nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
  107. "EOF</userinput>"
  108. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  109. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:68
  110. #, no-wrap
  111. msgid ""
  112. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  113. "<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
  114. "bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  115. "daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  116. "messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
  117. "systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false\n"
  118. "systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false\n"
  119. "systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false\n"
  120. "systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false\n"
  121. "systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false\n"
  122. "systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false\n"
  123. "systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false\n"
  124. "systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false\n"
  125. "nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
  126. "EOF</userinput>"
  127. msgstr ""
  128. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  129. "<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
  130. "bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  131. "daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
  132. "messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
  133. "systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false\n"
  134. "systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false\n"
  135. "systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false\n"
  136. "systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false\n"
  137. "systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false\n"
  138. "systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false\n"
  139. "systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false\n"
  140. "systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false\n"
  141. "nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
  142. "EOF</userinput>"
  143. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  144. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:84
  145. msgid ""
  146. "The actual password for <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> "
  147. "will be set later."
  148. msgstr ""
  149. "我们以后再设置 <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> 用户的实际密"
  150. "码。"
  151. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  152. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:87
  153. msgid ""
  154. "Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following "
  155. "command:"
  156. msgstr "执行以下命令,创建 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 文件:"
  157. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  158. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:90
  159. #, no-wrap
  160. msgid ""
  161. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  162. "<literal>root:x:0:\n"
  163. "bin:x:1:daemon\n"
  164. "sys:x:2:\n"
  165. "kmem:x:3:\n"
  166. "tape:x:4:\n"
  167. "tty:x:5:\n"
  168. "daemon:x:6:\n"
  169. "floppy:x:7:\n"
  170. "disk:x:8:\n"
  171. "lp:x:9:\n"
  172. "dialout:x:10:\n"
  173. "audio:x:11:\n"
  174. "video:x:12:\n"
  175. "utmp:x:13:\n"
  176. "usb:x:14:\n"
  177. "cdrom:x:15:\n"
  178. "adm:x:16:\n"
  179. "messagebus:x:18:\n"
  180. "input:x:24:\n"
  181. "mail:x:34:\n"
  182. "kvm:x:61:\n"
  183. "wheel:x:97:\n"
  184. "nogroup:x:99:\n"
  185. "users:x:999:</literal>\n"
  186. "EOF</userinput>"
  187. msgstr ""
  188. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  189. "<literal>root:x:0:\n"
  190. "bin:x:1:daemon\n"
  191. "sys:x:2:\n"
  192. "kmem:x:3:\n"
  193. "tape:x:4:\n"
  194. "tty:x:5:\n"
  195. "daemon:x:6:\n"
  196. "floppy:x:7:\n"
  197. "disk:x:8:\n"
  198. "lp:x:9:\n"
  199. "dialout:x:10:\n"
  200. "audio:x:11:\n"
  201. "video:x:12:\n"
  202. "utmp:x:13:\n"
  203. "usb:x:14:\n"
  204. "cdrom:x:15:\n"
  205. "adm:x:16:\n"
  206. "messagebus:x:18:\n"
  207. "input:x:24:\n"
  208. "mail:x:34:\n"
  209. "kvm:x:61:\n"
  210. "wheel:x:97:\n"
  211. "nogroup:x:99:\n"
  212. "users:x:999:</literal>\n"
  213. "EOF</userinput>"
  214. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  215. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:117
  216. #, no-wrap
  217. msgid ""
  218. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  219. "<literal>root:x:0:\n"
  220. "bin:x:1:daemon\n"
  221. "sys:x:2:\n"
  222. "kmem:x:3:\n"
  223. "tape:x:4:\n"
  224. "tty:x:5:\n"
  225. "daemon:x:6:\n"
  226. "floppy:x:7:\n"
  227. "disk:x:8:\n"
  228. "lp:x:9:\n"
  229. "dialout:x:10:\n"
  230. "audio:x:11:\n"
  231. "video:x:12:\n"
  232. "utmp:x:13:\n"
  233. "usb:x:14:\n"
  234. "cdrom:x:15:\n"
  235. "adm:x:16:\n"
  236. "messagebus:x:18:\n"
  237. "systemd-journal:x:23:\n"
  238. "input:x:24:\n"
  239. "mail:x:34:\n"
  240. "kvm:x:61:\n"
  241. "systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:\n"
  242. "systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:\n"
  243. "systemd-journal-remote:x:74:\n"
  244. "systemd-journal-upload:x:75:\n"
  245. "systemd-network:x:76:\n"
  246. "systemd-resolve:x:77:\n"
  247. "systemd-timesync:x:78:\n"
  248. "systemd-coredump:x:79:\n"
  249. "wheel:x:97:\n"
  250. "nogroup:x:99:\n"
  251. "users:x:999:</literal>\n"
  252. "EOF</userinput>"
  253. msgstr ""
  254. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  255. "<literal>root:x:0:\n"
  256. "bin:x:1:daemon\n"
  257. "sys:x:2:\n"
  258. "kmem:x:3:\n"
  259. "tape:x:4:\n"
  260. "tty:x:5:\n"
  261. "daemon:x:6:\n"
  262. "floppy:x:7:\n"
  263. "disk:x:8:\n"
  264. "lp:x:9:\n"
  265. "dialout:x:10:\n"
  266. "audio:x:11:\n"
  267. "video:x:12:\n"
  268. "utmp:x:13:\n"
  269. "usb:x:14:\n"
  270. "cdrom:x:15:\n"
  271. "adm:x:16:\n"
  272. "messagebus:x:18:\n"
  273. "systemd-journal:x:23:\n"
  274. "input:x:24:\n"
  275. "mail:x:34:\n"
  276. "kvm:x:61:\n"
  277. "systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:\n"
  278. "systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:\n"
  279. "systemd-journal-remote:x:74:\n"
  280. "systemd-journal-upload:x:75:\n"
  281. "systemd-network:x:76:\n"
  282. "systemd-resolve:x:77:\n"
  283. "systemd-timesync:x:78:\n"
  284. "systemd-coredump:x:79:\n"
  285. "wheel:x:97:\n"
  286. "nogroup:x:99:\n"
  287. "users:x:999:</literal>\n"
  288. "EOF</userinput>"
  289. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  290. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:153
  291. msgid ""
  292. "The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups "
  293. "decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in Chapter "
  294. "9, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux "
  295. "distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or "
  296. "groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
  297. "refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml\"/>) only recommends that, besides "
  298. "the group <systemitem class=\"groupname\">root</systemitem> with a Group ID "
  299. "(GID) of 0, a group <systemitem class=\"groupname\">bin</systemitem> with a "
  300. "GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by "
  301. "the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID "
  302. "numbers, but rather use the group's name."
  303. msgstr ""
  304. "这里创建的用户组并不属于任何标准 —— 它们一部分是为了满足第 9 章中 Udev 配置的需"
  305. "要,另一部分借鉴了一些 Linux 发行版的通用惯例。另外,某些测试套件需要特定的"
  306. "用户或组。Linux Standard Base (LSB,可以在 <ulink url=\"http://www."
  307. "linuxbase.org\"/> 查看) 标准只推荐以组 ID 0 创建用户组 <systemitem class="
  308. "\"groupname\">root</systemitem>,以及以组 ID 1 创建用户组 <systemitem class="
  309. "\"groupname\">bin</systemitem>,其他组名和组 ID 由系统管理员自由分配,因为好"
  310. "的程序不会依赖组 ID 数字,而是使用组名。"
  311. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  312. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:165
  313. msgid ""
  314. "Some tests in <xref linkend=\"chapter-building-system\"/> need a regular "
  315. "user. We add this user here and delete this account at the end of that "
  316. "chapter."
  317. msgstr ""
  318. "<xref linkend=\"chapter-building-system\"/>"
  319. "中的一些测试需要使用一个普通用户。我们这里创建一个用户,"
  320. "在那一章的末尾再删除该用户。"
  321. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  322. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:169
  323. #, no-wrap
  324. msgid ""
  325. "<userinput>echo \"tester:x:$(ls -n $(tty) | cut -d\" \" -f3):101::/home/tester:/bin/bash\" &gt;&gt; /etc/passwd\n"
  326. "echo \"tester:x:101:\" &gt;&gt; /etc/group\n"
  327. "install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput>"
  328. msgstr ""
  329. "<userinput>echo \"tester:x:$(ls -n $(tty) | cut -d\" \" -f3):101::/home/tester:/bin/bash\" &gt;&gt; /etc/passwd\n"
  330. "echo \"tester:x:101:\" &gt;&gt; /etc/group\n"
  331. "install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput>"
  332. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  333. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:173
  334. msgid ""
  335. "To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new shell. "
  336. "Since the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</"
  337. "filename> files have been created, user name and group name resolution will "
  338. "now work:"
  339. msgstr ""
  340. "为了移除 <quote>I have no name!</quote> 提示符,需要打开一个新 shell。由于"
  341. "已经创建了文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/group</"
  342. "filename>,用户名和组名现在就可以正常解析了:"
  343. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  344. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:179
  345. #, no-wrap
  346. msgid "<userinput>exec /bin/bash --login +h</userinput>"
  347. msgstr "<userinput>exec /bin/bash --login +h</userinput>"
  348. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  349. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:181
  350. msgid ""
  351. "Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells "
  352. "<command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this "
  353. "directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it "
  354. "has executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as "
  355. "they are installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for "
  356. "the duration of this and the next chapter."
  357. msgstr ""
  358. "注意这里使用了 <parameter>+h</parameter> 参数。它告诉 <command>bash</"
  359. "command> 不要使用内部的路径散列机制。如果没有指定该参数,<command>bash</"
  360. "command> 会记忆它执行过程序的路径。为了在安装新编译好的程序后马上使用它们,"
  361. "在本章和下一章中总是使用 <parameter>+h</parameter>。"
  362. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  363. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:188
  364. msgid ""
  365. "The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and <command>init</"
  366. "command> programs (and others) use a number of log files to record "
  367. "information such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these "
  368. "programs will not write to the log files if they do not already exist. "
  369. "Initialize the log files and give them proper permissions:"
  370. msgstr ""
  371. "<command>login</command>、<command>agetty</command> 和 <command>init</"
  372. "command> 等程序使用一些日志文件,以记录登录系统的用户和登录时间等信息。然"
  373. "而,这些程序不会创建不存在的日志文件。初始化日志文件,并为它们设置合适的访问"
  374. "权限:"
  375. #. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
  376. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:195
  377. #, no-wrap
  378. msgid ""
  379. "<userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}\n"
  380. "chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog\n"
  381. "chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog\n"
  382. "chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</userinput>"
  383. msgstr ""
  384. "<userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}\n"
  385. "chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog\n"
  386. "chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog\n"
  387. "chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</userinput>"
  388. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  389. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:200
  390. msgid ""
  391. "The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and logouts. "
  392. "The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each user last "
  393. "logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records failed "
  394. "login attempts. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records the bad "
  395. "login attempts."
  396. msgstr ""
  397. "文件 <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> 记录所有的登录和登出,文件 "
  398. "<filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> 记录每个用户最后登录的时间,文件 "
  399. "<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> 记录所有失败的登录尝试,文件 "
  400. "<filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> 记录所有错误的登录尝试。"
  401. #. type: Content of: <sect1><note><para>
  402. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:206
  403. msgid ""
  404. "The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that are currently "
  405. "logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot scripts."
  406. msgstr ""
  407. "文件 <filename>/run/utmp</filename> 记录当前登录的用户,它由引导脚本动态创"
  408. "建。"