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usage.po 38 KB

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  1. # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
  2. # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  3. # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
  4. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
  5. #
  6. #, fuzzy
  7. msgid ""
  8. msgstr ""
  9. "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
  10. "POT-Creation-Date: 2020-06-17 12:44+0800\n"
  11. "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
  12. "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
  13. "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
  14. "Language: \n"
  15. "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
  16. "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
  17. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
  18. #. type: Content of: <sect1><title>
  19. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:12
  20. msgid "System V Bootscript Usage and Configuration"
  21. msgstr ""
  22. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
  23. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:15
  24. msgid "Bootscripts"
  25. msgstr ""
  26. #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><secondary>
  27. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:16
  28. msgid "usage"
  29. msgstr ""
  30. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  31. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:20
  32. msgid "How Do the System V Bootscripts Work?"
  33. msgstr ""
  34. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  35. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:22
  36. msgid ""
  37. "Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is based on a "
  38. "concept of <emphasis>run-levels</emphasis>. It can be quite different from "
  39. "one system to another, so it cannot be assumed that because things worked in "
  40. "one particular Linux distribution, they should work the same in LFS too. LFS "
  41. "has its own way of doing things, but it respects generally accepted "
  42. "standards."
  43. msgstr ""
  44. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  45. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:28
  46. msgid ""
  47. "SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from now on) "
  48. "works using a run-levels scheme. There are seven (numbered 0 to 6) "
  49. "run-levels (actually, there are more run-levels, but they are for special "
  50. "cases and are generally not used. See <filename>init(8)</filename> for more "
  51. "details), and each one of those corresponds to the actions the computer is "
  52. "supposed to perform when it starts up. The default run-level is 3. Here are "
  53. "the descriptions of the different run-levels as they are implemented:"
  54. msgstr ""
  55. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><literallayout>
  56. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:36
  57. #, no-wrap
  58. msgid ""
  59. "0: halt the computer\n"
  60. "1: single-user mode\n"
  61. "2: multi-user mode without networking\n"
  62. "3: multi-user mode with networking\n"
  63. "4: reserved for customization, otherwise does the same as 3\n"
  64. "5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like X's "
  65. "<command>xdm</command> or KDE's <command>kdm</command>)\n"
  66. "6: reboot the computer"
  67. msgstr ""
  68. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  69. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:47
  70. msgid "Configuring Sysvinit"
  71. msgstr ""
  72. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  73. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:50
  74. msgid "Sysvinit"
  75. msgstr ""
  76. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><secondary>
  77. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:51
  78. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:245
  79. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:307
  80. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:541
  81. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:557
  82. msgid "configuring"
  83. msgstr ""
  84. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  85. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:55
  86. msgid "/etc/inittab"
  87. msgstr ""
  88. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  89. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:58
  90. msgid ""
  91. "During the kernel initialization, the first program that is run is either "
  92. "specified on the command line or, by default <command>init</command>. This "
  93. "program reads the initialization file <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. "
  94. "Create this file with:"
  95. msgstr ""
  96. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen>
  97. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:63
  98. #, no-wrap
  99. msgid ""
  100. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  101. "<literal># Begin /etc/inittab\n"
  102. "\n"
  103. "id:3:initdefault:\n"
  104. "\n"
  105. "si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S\n"
  106. "\n"
  107. "l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0\n"
  108. "l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1\n"
  109. "l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2\n"
  110. "l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3\n"
  111. "l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4\n"
  112. "l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5\n"
  113. "l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6\n"
  114. "\n"
  115. "ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now\n"
  116. "\n"
  117. "su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin\n"
  118. "\n"
  119. "1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600\n"
  120. "2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600\n"
  121. "3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600\n"
  122. "4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600\n"
  123. "5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600\n"
  124. "6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600\n"
  125. "\n"
  126. "# End /etc/inittab</literal>\n"
  127. "EOF</userinput>"
  128. msgstr ""
  129. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  130. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:92
  131. msgid ""
  132. "An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page for "
  133. "<emphasis>inittab</emphasis>. For LFS, the key command that is run is "
  134. "<command>rc</command>. The initialization file above will instruct "
  135. "<command>rc</command> to run all the scripts starting with an S in the "
  136. "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</filename> directory followed "
  137. "by all the scripts starting with an S in the <filename "
  138. "class=\"directory\">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</filename> directory where the question "
  139. "mark is specified by the initdefault value."
  140. msgstr ""
  141. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  142. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:101
  143. msgid ""
  144. "As a convenience, the <command>rc</command> script reads a library of "
  145. "functions in <filename "
  146. "class=\"directory\">/lib/lsb/init-functions</filename>. This library also "
  147. "reads an optional configuration file, "
  148. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename>. Any of the system "
  149. "configuration file parameters described in subsequent sections can be "
  150. "alternatively placed in this file allowing consolidation of all system "
  151. "parameters in this one file."
  152. msgstr ""
  153. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  154. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:109
  155. msgid ""
  156. "As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs all output to "
  157. "<filename>/run/var/bootlog</filename>. Since the <filename "
  158. "class=\"directory\">/run</filename> directory is a tmpfs, this file is not "
  159. "persistent across boots, however it is appended to the more permanent file "
  160. "<filename>/var/log/boot.log</filename> at the end of the boot process."
  161. msgstr ""
  162. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
  163. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:116
  164. msgid "Changing Run Levels"
  165. msgstr ""
  166. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  167. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:118
  168. msgid ""
  169. "Changing run-levels is done with <command>init "
  170. "<replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable></command>, where "
  171. "<replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable> is the target run-level. For "
  172. "example, to reboot the computer, a user could issue the <command>init "
  173. "6</command> command, which is an alias for the <command>reboot</command> "
  174. "command. Likewise, <command>init 0</command> is an alias for the "
  175. "<command>halt</command> command."
  176. msgstr ""
  177. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  178. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:126
  179. msgid ""
  180. "There are a number of directories under <filename "
  181. "class=\"directory\">/etc/rc.d</filename> that look like <filename "
  182. "class=\"directory\">rc?.d</filename> (where ? is the number of the "
  183. "run-level) and <filename class=\"directory\">rcsysinit.d</filename>, all "
  184. "containing a number of symbolic links. Some begin with a "
  185. "<emphasis>K</emphasis>, the others begin with an <emphasis>S</emphasis>, and "
  186. "all of them have two numbers following the initial letter. The K means to "
  187. "stop (kill) a service and the S means to start a service. The numbers "
  188. "determine the order in which the scripts are run, from 00 to 99&mdash;the "
  189. "lower the number the earlier it gets executed. When <command>init</command> "
  190. "switches to another run-level, the appropriate services are either started "
  191. "or stopped, depending on the runlevel chosen."
  192. msgstr ""
  193. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  194. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:138
  195. msgid ""
  196. "The real scripts are in <filename "
  197. "class=\"directory\">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. They do the actual work, "
  198. "and the symlinks all point to them. K links and S links point to the same "
  199. "script in <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. This "
  200. "is because the scripts can be called with different parameters like "
  201. "<parameter>start</parameter>, <parameter>stop</parameter>, "
  202. "<parameter>restart</parameter>, <parameter>reload</parameter>, and "
  203. "<parameter>status</parameter>. When a K link is encountered, the appropriate "
  204. "script is run with the <parameter>stop</parameter> argument. When an S link "
  205. "is encountered, the appropriate script is run with the "
  206. "<parameter>start</parameter> argument."
  207. msgstr ""
  208. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  209. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:150
  210. msgid ""
  211. "There is one exception to this explanation. Links that start with an "
  212. "<emphasis>S</emphasis> in the <filename class=\"directory\">rc0.d</filename> "
  213. "and <filename class=\"directory\">rc6.d</filename> directories will not "
  214. "cause anything to be started. They will be called with the parameter "
  215. "<parameter>stop</parameter> to stop something. The logic behind this is that "
  216. "when a user is going to reboot or halt the system, nothing needs to be "
  217. "started. The system only needs to be stopped."
  218. msgstr ""
  219. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  220. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:159
  221. msgid "These are descriptions of what the arguments make the scripts do:"
  222. msgstr ""
  223. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  224. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:165
  225. msgid "<parameter>start</parameter>"
  226. msgstr ""
  227. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  228. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:167
  229. msgid "The service is started."
  230. msgstr ""
  231. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  232. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:172
  233. msgid "<parameter>stop</parameter>"
  234. msgstr ""
  235. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  236. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:174
  237. msgid "The service is stopped."
  238. msgstr ""
  239. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  240. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:179
  241. msgid "<parameter>restart</parameter>"
  242. msgstr ""
  243. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  244. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:181
  245. msgid "The service is stopped and then started again."
  246. msgstr ""
  247. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  248. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:186
  249. msgid "<parameter>reload</parameter>"
  250. msgstr ""
  251. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  252. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:188
  253. msgid ""
  254. "The configuration of the service is updated. This is used after the "
  255. "configuration file of a service was modified, when the service does not need "
  256. "to be restarted."
  257. msgstr ""
  258. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  259. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:195
  260. msgid "<parameter>status</parameter>"
  261. msgstr ""
  262. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  263. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:197
  264. msgid "Tells if the service is running and with which PIDs."
  265. msgstr ""
  266. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  267. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:203
  268. msgid ""
  269. "Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all, it is your "
  270. "own LFS system). The files given here are an example of how it can be done."
  271. msgstr ""
  272. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  273. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:211
  274. msgid "Udev Bootscripts"
  275. msgstr ""
  276. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  277. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:213
  278. msgid ""
  279. "The <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</filename> initscript starts "
  280. "<command>udevd</command>, triggers any \"coldplug\" devices that have "
  281. "already been created by the kernel and waits for any rules to complete. The "
  282. "script also unsets the uevent handler from the default of "
  283. "<filename>/sbin/hotplug </filename>. This is done because the kernel no "
  284. "longer needs to call out to an external binary. Instead "
  285. "<command>udevd</command> will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that "
  286. "the kernel raises."
  287. msgstr ""
  288. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  289. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:222
  290. msgid ""
  291. "The <command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</command> initscript takes care of "
  292. "re-triggering events for subsystems whose rules may rely on filesystems that "
  293. "are not mounted until the <command>mountfs</command> script is run (in "
  294. "particular, <filename class=\"directory\">/usr</filename> and <filename "
  295. "class=\"directory\">/var</filename> may cause this). This script runs after "
  296. "the <command>mountfs</command> script, so those rules (if re-triggered) "
  297. "should succeed the second time around. It is configured from the "
  298. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</filename> file; any words in this file "
  299. "other than comments are considered subsystem names to trigger at retry "
  300. "time. To find the subsystem of a device, use <command>udevadm info "
  301. "--attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</command> where &lt;device&gt; is an "
  302. "absolute path in /dev or /sys such as /dev/sr0 or /sys/class/rtc."
  303. msgstr ""
  304. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  305. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:236
  306. msgid ""
  307. "For information on kernel module loading and udev, see <xref "
  308. "linkend=\"module-loading\"/>."
  309. msgstr ""
  310. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  311. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:241
  312. msgid "Configuring the System Clock"
  313. msgstr ""
  314. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  315. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:244
  316. msgid "setclock"
  317. msgstr ""
  318. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  319. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:247
  320. msgid ""
  321. "The <command>setclock</command> script reads the time from the hardware "
  322. "clock, also known as the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor "
  323. "(CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert "
  324. "the hardware clock's time to the local time using the "
  325. "<filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file (which tells the "
  326. "<command>hwclock</command> program which timezone to use). There is no way "
  327. "to detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this needs to "
  328. "be configured manually."
  329. msgstr ""
  330. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  331. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:256
  332. msgid ""
  333. "The <command>setclock</command> program is run via "
  334. "<application>udev</application> when the kernel detects the hardware "
  335. "capability upon boot. It can also be run manually with the stop parameter "
  336. "to store the system time to the CMOS clock."
  337. msgstr ""
  338. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  339. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:261
  340. msgid ""
  341. "If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, find "
  342. "out by running the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput> "
  343. "command. This will display what the current time is according to the "
  344. "hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the "
  345. "hardware clock is set to local time. If the output from "
  346. "<command>hwclock</command> is not local time, chances are it is set to UTC "
  347. "time. Verify this by adding or subtracting the proper amount of hours for "
  348. "the timezone to the time shown by <command>hwclock</command>. For example, "
  349. "if you are currently in the MST timezone, which is also known as GMT -0700, "
  350. "add seven hours to the local time."
  351. msgstr ""
  352. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  353. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:272
  354. msgid ""
  355. "Change the value of the <envar>UTC</envar> variable below to a value of "
  356. "<parameter>0</parameter> (zero) if the hardware clock is "
  357. "<emphasis>NOT</emphasis> set to UTC time."
  358. msgstr ""
  359. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  360. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:276
  361. msgid ""
  362. "Create a new file <filename>/etc/sysconfig/clock</filename> by running the "
  363. "following:"
  364. msgstr ""
  365. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen>
  366. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:279
  367. #, no-wrap
  368. msgid ""
  369. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/clock &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  370. "<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock\n"
  371. "\n"
  372. "UTC=1\n"
  373. "\n"
  374. "# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,\n"
  375. "# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.\n"
  376. "CLOCKPARAMS=\n"
  377. "\n"
  378. "# End /etc/sysconfig/clock</literal>\n"
  379. "EOF</userinput>"
  380. msgstr ""
  381. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  382. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:291
  383. msgid ""
  384. "A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is available at <ulink "
  385. "url=\"&hints-root;time.txt\"/>. It explains issues such as time zones, UTC, "
  386. "and the <envar>TZ</envar> environment variable."
  387. msgstr ""
  388. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para>
  389. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:295
  390. msgid ""
  391. "The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC paramaters may also be set in the "
  392. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file."
  393. msgstr ""
  394. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  395. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:303
  396. msgid "Configuring the Linux Console"
  397. msgstr ""
  398. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  399. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:306
  400. msgid "console"
  401. msgstr ""
  402. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  403. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:310
  404. msgid ""
  405. "This section discusses how to configure the <command>console</command> "
  406. "bootscript that sets up the keyboard map, console font, and console kernel "
  407. "log level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British "
  408. "pound sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, "
  409. "much of this section can be skipped. Without the configuration file, (or "
  410. "equivalent settings in <filename>rc.site</filename>), the "
  411. "<command>console</command> bootscript will do nothing."
  412. msgstr ""
  413. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  414. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:318
  415. msgid ""
  416. "The <command>console</command> script reads the "
  417. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file for configuration "
  418. "information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various "
  419. "language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <ulink "
  420. "url=\"http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html\"/>. If still in "
  421. "doubt, look in the <filename "
  422. "class=\"directory\">/usr/share/keymaps</filename> and <filename "
  423. "class=\"directory\">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directories for valid "
  424. "keymaps and screen fonts. Read <filename>loadkeys(1)</filename> and "
  425. "<filename>setfont(8)</filename> manual pages to determine the correct "
  426. "arguments for these programs."
  427. msgstr ""
  428. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  429. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:329
  430. msgid ""
  431. "The <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file should contain lines of "
  432. "the form: VARIABLE=\"value\". The following variables are recognized:"
  433. msgstr ""
  434. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  435. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:334
  436. msgid "LOGLEVEL"
  437. msgstr ""
  438. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  439. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:336
  440. msgid ""
  441. "This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent to the "
  442. "console as set by <command>dmesg -n</command>. Valid levels are from \"1\" "
  443. "(no messages) to \"8\". The default level is \"7\"."
  444. msgstr ""
  445. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  446. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:343
  447. msgid "KEYMAP"
  448. msgstr ""
  449. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  450. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:345
  451. msgid ""
  452. "This variable specifies the arguments for the <command>loadkeys</command> "
  453. "program, typically, the name of keymap to load, e.g., <quote>it</quote>. If "
  454. "this variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the "
  455. "<command>loadkeys</command> program, and the default kernel keymap will be "
  456. "used. Note that a few keymaps have multiple versions with the same name (cz "
  457. "and its variants in qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/ and qwerty/, and trf in "
  458. "fgGIod/ and qwerty/). In these cases the parent directory should also be "
  459. "specified (e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded."
  460. msgstr ""
  461. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  462. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:359
  463. msgid "KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS"
  464. msgstr ""
  465. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  466. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:361
  467. msgid ""
  468. "This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for the second call to "
  469. "the <command>loadkeys</command> program. This is useful if the stock keymap "
  470. "is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g., "
  471. "to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it, set "
  472. "this variable to <quote>euro2</quote>."
  473. msgstr ""
  474. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  475. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:371
  476. msgid "FONT"
  477. msgstr ""
  478. #. because of the copyright sign
  479. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  480. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:373
  481. msgid ""
  482. "This variable specifies the arguments for the <command>setfont</command> "
  483. "program. Typically, this includes the font name, <quote>-m</quote>, and the "
  484. "name of the application character map to load. E.g., in order to load the "
  485. "<quote>lat1-16</quote> font together with the <quote>8859-1</quote> "
  486. "application character map (as it is appropriate in the USA), set this "
  487. "variable to <quote>lat1-16 -m 8859-1</quote>. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel "
  488. "uses the application character map for conversion of composed 8-bit key "
  489. "codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and thus the argument of the \"-m\" parameter "
  490. "should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap."
  491. msgstr ""
  492. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  493. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:390
  494. msgid "UNICODE"
  495. msgstr ""
  496. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  497. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:392
  498. msgid ""
  499. "Set this variable to <quote>1</quote>, <quote>yes</quote> or "
  500. "<quote>true</quote> in order to put the console into UTF-8 mode. This is "
  501. "useful in UTF-8 based locales and harmful otherwise."
  502. msgstr ""
  503. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
  504. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:400
  505. msgid "LEGACY_CHARSET"
  506. msgstr ""
  507. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
  508. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:402
  509. msgid ""
  510. "For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode keymap in the Kbd "
  511. "package. The <command>console</command> bootscript will convert an available "
  512. "keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this variable is set to the encoding of the "
  513. "available non-UTF-8 keymap."
  514. msgstr ""
  515. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  516. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:411
  517. msgid "Some examples:"
  518. msgstr ""
  519. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  520. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:416
  521. msgid ""
  522. "For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT variables are generally "
  523. "needed. E.g., for a Polish setup, one would use:"
  524. msgstr ""
  525. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><screen>
  526. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:418
  527. #, no-wrap
  528. msgid ""
  529. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  530. "<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console\n"
  531. "\n"
  532. "KEYMAP=\"pl2\"\n"
  533. "FONT=\"lat2a-16 -m 8859-2\"\n"
  534. "\n"
  535. "# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>\n"
  536. "EOF</userinput>"
  537. msgstr ""
  538. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  539. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:429
  540. msgid ""
  541. "As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a stock keymap "
  542. "slightly. The following example adds the Euro symbol to the German keymap:"
  543. msgstr ""
  544. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><screen>
  545. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:433
  546. #, no-wrap
  547. msgid ""
  548. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  549. "<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console\n"
  550. "\n"
  551. "KEYMAP=\"de-latin1\"\n"
  552. "KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS=\"euro2\"\n"
  553. "FONT=\"lat0-16 -m 8859-15\"\n"
  554. "UNICODE=\"1\"\n"
  555. "\n"
  556. "# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>\n"
  557. "EOF</userinput>"
  558. msgstr ""
  559. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  560. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:446
  561. msgid ""
  562. "The following is a Unicode-enabled example for Bulgarian, where a stock "
  563. "UTF-8 keymap exists:"
  564. msgstr ""
  565. #. This is what is used by jhalfs for creating the console file: whenever
  566. #. you change the following, please inform the jhalfs maintainer(s).
  567. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><screen>
  568. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:450
  569. #, no-wrap
  570. msgid ""
  571. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  572. "<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console\n"
  573. "\n"
  574. "UNICODE=\"1\"\n"
  575. "KEYMAP=\"bg_bds-utf8\"\n"
  576. "FONT=\"LatArCyrHeb-16\"\n"
  577. "\n"
  578. "# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>\n"
  579. "EOF</userinput>"
  580. msgstr ""
  581. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  582. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:462
  583. msgid ""
  584. "Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in the previous example, "
  585. "bright colors are no longer available on the Linux console unless a "
  586. "framebuffer is used. If one wants to have bright colors without a "
  587. "framebuffer and can live without characters not belonging to his language, "
  588. "it is still possible to use a language-specific 256-glyph font, as "
  589. "illustrated below:"
  590. msgstr ""
  591. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><screen>
  592. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:469
  593. #, no-wrap
  594. msgid ""
  595. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  596. "<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console\n"
  597. "\n"
  598. "UNICODE=\"1\"\n"
  599. "KEYMAP=\"bg_bds-utf8\"\n"
  600. "FONT=\"cyr-sun16\"\n"
  601. "\n"
  602. "# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>\n"
  603. "EOF</userinput>"
  604. msgstr ""
  605. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  606. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:481
  607. msgid ""
  608. "The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion from ISO-8859-15 to "
  609. "UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in Unicode mode:"
  610. msgstr ""
  611. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><screen>
  612. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:484
  613. #, no-wrap
  614. msgid ""
  615. "<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
  616. "<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console\n"
  617. "\n"
  618. "UNICODE=\"1\"\n"
  619. "KEYMAP=\"de-latin1\"\n"
  620. "KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS=\"euro2\"\n"
  621. "LEGACY_CHARSET=\"iso-8859-15\"\n"
  622. "FONT=\"LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15\"\n"
  623. "\n"
  624. "# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>\n"
  625. "EOF</userinput>"
  626. msgstr ""
  627. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  628. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:498
  629. msgid ""
  630. "Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't produce a character by "
  631. "themselves, but put an accent on the character produced by the next key) or "
  632. "define composition rules (such as: <quote>press Ctrl+. A E to get "
  633. "&AElig;</quote> in the default keymap). Linux-&linux-version; interprets "
  634. "dead keys and composition rules in the keymap correctly only when the source "
  635. "characters to be composed together are not multibyte. This deficiency "
  636. "doesn't affect keymaps for European languages, because there accents are "
  637. "added to unaccented ASCII characters, or two ASCII characters are composed "
  638. "together. However, in UTF-8 mode it is a problem; e.g., for the Greek "
  639. "language, where one sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter "
  640. "<quote>alpha</quote>. The solution is either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or "
  641. "to install the X window system that doesn't have this limitation in its "
  642. "input handling."
  643. msgstr ""
  644. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  645. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:515
  646. msgid ""
  647. "For Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and some other languages, the Linux console "
  648. "cannot be configured to display the needed characters. Users who need such "
  649. "languages should install the X Window System, fonts that cover the necessary "
  650. "character ranges, and the proper input method (e.g., SCIM, supports a wide "
  651. "variety of languages)."
  652. msgstr ""
  653. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para>
  654. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:527
  655. msgid ""
  656. "The <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file only controls the Linux "
  657. "text console localization. It has nothing to do with setting the proper "
  658. "keyboard layout and terminal fonts in the X Window System, with ssh "
  659. "sessions, or with a serial console. In such situations, limitations "
  660. "mentioned in the last two list items above do not apply."
  661. msgstr ""
  662. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  663. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:537
  664. msgid "Creating Files at Boot"
  665. msgstr ""
  666. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  667. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:540
  668. msgid "File creation at boot"
  669. msgstr ""
  670. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  671. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:544
  672. msgid ""
  673. "At times, it is desirable to create files at boot time. For instance, the "
  674. "<filename class=\"directory\">/tmp/.ICE-unix</filename> directory is often "
  675. "needed. This can be done by creating an entry in the "
  676. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename> configuration script. The "
  677. "format of this file is embedded in the comments of the default configuration "
  678. "file."
  679. msgstr ""
  680. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  681. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:553
  682. msgid "Configuring the sysklogd Script"
  683. msgstr ""
  684. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  685. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:556
  686. msgid "sysklogd"
  687. msgstr ""
  688. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  689. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:560
  690. msgid ""
  691. "The <filename>sysklogd</filename> script invokes the "
  692. "<command>syslogd</command> program as a part of System V initialization. "
  693. "The <parameter>-m 0</parameter> option turns off the periodic timestamp mark "
  694. "that <command>syslogd</command> writes to the log files every 20 minutes by "
  695. "default. If you want to turn on this periodic timestamp mark, edit "
  696. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> and define the variable "
  697. "SYSKLOGD_PARMS to the desired value. For instance, to remove all "
  698. "parameters, set the variable to a null value:"
  699. msgstr ""
  700. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen>
  701. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:569
  702. #, no-wrap
  703. msgid "SYSKLOGD_PARMS="
  704. msgstr ""
  705. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  706. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:571
  707. msgid "See <userinput>man syslogd</userinput> for more options."
  708. msgstr ""
  709. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  710. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:576
  711. msgid "The rc.site File"
  712. msgstr ""
  713. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
  714. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:579
  715. msgid "rc.site"
  716. msgstr ""
  717. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  718. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:582
  719. msgid ""
  720. "The optional <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file contains "
  721. "settings that are automatically set for each SystemV boot script. It can "
  722. "alternatively set the values specified in the <filename>hostname</filename>, "
  723. "<filename>console</filename>, and <filename>clock</filename> files in the "
  724. "<filename class='directory'>/etc/sysconfig/</filename> directory. If the "
  725. "associated variables are present in both these separate files and "
  726. "<filename>rc.site</filename>, the values in the script specific files have "
  727. "precedence."
  728. msgstr ""
  729. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  730. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:591
  731. msgid ""
  732. "<filename>rc.site</filename> also contains parameters that can customize "
  733. "other aspects of the boot process. Setting the IPROMPT variable will enable "
  734. "selective running of bootscripts. Other options are described in the file "
  735. "comments. The default version of the file is as follows:"
  736. msgstr ""
  737. #. Use role to fix a pdf generation problem
  738. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen>
  739. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:597
  740. #, no-wrap
  741. msgid "&site;"
  742. msgstr ""
  743. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
  744. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:600
  745. msgid "Customizing the Boot and Shutdown Scripts"
  746. msgstr ""
  747. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  748. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:602
  749. msgid ""
  750. "The LFS boot scripts boot and shut down a system in a fairly efficient "
  751. "manner, but there are a few tweaks that you can make in the rc.site file to "
  752. "improve speed even more and to adjust messages according to your "
  753. "preferences. To do this, adjust the settings in the "
  754. "<filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file above."
  755. msgstr ""
  756. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  757. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:610
  758. msgid ""
  759. "During the boot script <filename>udev</filename>, there is a call to "
  760. "<command>udev settle</command> that requires some time to complete. This "
  761. "time may or may not be required depending on devices present in the system. "
  762. "If you only have simple partitions and a single ethernet card, the boot "
  763. "process will probably not need to wait for this command. To skip it, set "
  764. "the variable OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y."
  765. msgstr ""
  766. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  767. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:617
  768. msgid ""
  769. "The boot script <filename>udev_retry</filename> also runs <command>udev "
  770. "settle</command> by default. This command is only needed by default if the "
  771. "<filename class='directory'>/var</filename> directory is separately "
  772. "mounted. This is because the clock needs the file "
  773. "<filename>/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime</filename>. Other customizations may "
  774. "also need to wait for udev to complete, but in many installations it is not "
  775. "needed. Skip the command by setting the variable OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=y."
  776. msgstr ""
  777. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  778. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:626
  779. msgid ""
  780. "By default, the file system checks are silent. This can appear to be a "
  781. "delay during the bootup process. To turn on the <command>fsck</command> "
  782. "output, set the variable VERBOSE_FSCK=y."
  783. msgstr ""
  784. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  785. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:631
  786. msgid ""
  787. "When rebooting, you may want to skip the filesystem check, "
  788. "<command>fsck</command>, completely. To do this, either create the file "
  789. "<filename>/fastboot</filename> or reboot the system with the command "
  790. "<command>/sbin/shutdown -f -r now</command>. On the other hand, you can "
  791. "force all file systems to be checked by creating "
  792. "<filename>/forcefsck</filename> or running <command>shutdown</command> with "
  793. "the <parameter>-F</parameter> parameter instead of "
  794. "<parameter>-f</parameter>."
  795. msgstr ""
  796. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  797. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:640
  798. msgid ""
  799. "Setting the variable FASTBOOT=y will disable <command>fsck</command> during "
  800. "the boot process until it is removed. This is not recommended on a "
  801. "permanent basis."
  802. msgstr ""
  803. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  804. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:644
  805. msgid ""
  806. "Normally, all files in the <filename class='directory'>/tmp</filename> "
  807. "directory are deleted at boot time. Depending on the number of files or "
  808. "directories present, this can cause a noticeable delay in the boot process. "
  809. "To skip removing these files set the variable SKIPTMPCLEAN=y."
  810. msgstr ""
  811. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  812. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter09/usage.xml:650
  813. msgid ""
  814. "During shutdown, the <command>init</command> program sends a TERM signal to "
  815. "each program it has started (e.g. agetty), waits for a set time (default 3 "
  816. "seconds), and sends each process a KILL signal and waits again. This "
  817. "process is repeated in the <command>sendsignals</command> script for any "
  818. "processes that are not shut down by their own scripts. The delay for "
  819. "<command>init</command> can be set by passing a parameter. For example to "
  820. "remove the delay in <command>init</command>, pass the -t0 parameter when "
  821. "shutting down or rebooting (e.g. <command>/sbin/shutdown -t0 -r "
  822. "now</command>). The delay for the <command>sendsignals</command> script can "
  823. "be skipped by setting the parameter KILLDELAY=0."
  824. msgstr ""