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  13. #. type: Content of: <sect1><title>
  14. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:11
  15. msgid "Creating a New Partition"
  16. msgstr "创建新的分区"
  17. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  18. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:13
  19. msgid ""
  20. "Like most other operating systems, LFS is usually installed on a dedicated "
  21. "partition. The recommended approach to building an LFS system is to use an "
  22. "available empty partition or, if you have enough unpartitioned space, to "
  23. "create one."
  24. msgstr ""
  25. "像其他操作系统那样,LFS 一般也被安装在一个专用的分区。我们推荐您为 LFS 选择一"
  26. "个可用的空分区,或者在有充足未划分空间的情况下,创建一个新分区。"
  27. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  28. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:18
  29. msgid ""
  30. "A minimal system requires a partition of around 10 gigabytes (GB). This is "
  31. "enough to store all the source tarballs and compile the packages. However, "
  32. "if the LFS system is intended to be the primary Linux system, additional "
  33. "software will probably be installed which will require additional space. A "
  34. "30 GB partition is a reasonable size to provide for growth. The LFS system "
  35. "itself will not take up this much room. A large portion of this requirement "
  36. "is to provide sufficient free temporary storage as well as for adding "
  37. "additional capabilities after LFS is complete. Additionally, compiling "
  38. "packages can require a lot of disk space which will be reclaimed after the "
  39. "package is installed."
  40. msgstr ""
  41. "一个最小的系统需要大小约 10 吉字节 (GB) 的分区。这足够保存所有源代码压缩包,"
  42. "并且编译所有软件包。然而,如果希望用 LFS 作为日常的 Linux 系统,很可能需要安"
  43. "装额外软件,需要更多空间。一个 30 GB 的分区是比较合理的。LFS 系统本身用不了太"
  44. "多空间,但大分区可以提供足够的临时存储空间,以及在 LFS 构建完成后增添附加功能"
  45. "需要的空间。另外,编译软件包可能需要大量磁盘空间,但在软件包安装完成后可以回"
  46. "收这些空间。"
  47. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  48. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:29
  49. msgid ""
  50. "Because there is not always enough Random Access Memory (RAM) available for "
  51. "compilation processes, it is a good idea to use a small disk partition as "
  52. "<systemitem class=\"filesystem\">swap</systemitem> space. This is used by "
  53. "the kernel to store seldom-used data and leave more memory available for "
  54. "active processes. The <systemitem class=\"filesystem\">swap</systemitem> "
  55. "partition for an LFS system can be the same as the one used by the host "
  56. "system, in which case it is not necessary to create another one."
  57. msgstr ""
  58. "计算机未必有足够满足编译过程要求的内存 (RAM) 空间,因此可以使用一个小的磁盘分"
  59. "区作为 <systemitem class=\"filesystem\">swap</systemitem> 空间。内核使用此分"
  60. "区存储很少使用的数据,从而为活动进程留出更多内存。LFS 的 <systemitem class="
  61. "\"filesystem\">swap</systemitem> 分区可以和宿主系统共用,这样就不用专门为 "
  62. "LFS 创建一个。"
  63. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  64. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:37
  65. msgid ""
  66. "Start a disk partitioning program such as <command>cfdisk</command> or "
  67. "<command>fdisk</command> with a command line option naming the hard disk on "
  68. "which the new partition will be created&mdash;for example <filename class="
  69. "\"devicefile\">/dev/sda</filename> for the primary disk drive. Create a "
  70. "Linux native partition and a <systemitem class=\"filesystem\">swap</"
  71. "systemitem> partition, if needed. Please refer to <filename>cfdisk(8)</"
  72. "filename> or <filename>fdisk(8)</filename> if you do not yet know how to use "
  73. "the programs."
  74. msgstr ""
  75. "启动一个磁盘分区程序,例如 <command>cfdisk</command> 或者<command>fdisk</"
  76. "command>。在启动分区程序时需要一个命令行参数,表示希望创建新分区的硬盘,例如"
  77. "主硬盘 <filename class=\"devicefile\">/dev/sda</filename>。创建一个 Linux 原"
  78. "生分区,如果有必要的话再创建一个 <systemitem class=\"filesystem\">swap</"
  79. "systemitem> 分区。请参考 <filename>cfdisk(8)</filename> 或者 "
  80. "<filename>fdisk(8)</filename> 来学习如何使用分区程序。"
  81. #. type: Content of: <sect1><note><para>
  82. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:46
  83. msgid ""
  84. "For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are possible. The new LFS "
  85. "system can be on a software <ulink url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/raid.html"
  86. "\">RAID</ulink> array or an <ulink url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/aboutlvm.html"
  87. "\">LVM</ulink> logical volume. However, some of these options require an "
  88. "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/initramfs.html\">initramfs</ulink>, which is "
  89. "an advanced topic. These partitioning methodologies are not recommended for "
  90. "first time LFS users."
  91. msgstr ""
  92. "有经验的用户可以尝试其他分区架构。LFS 系统可以被构建在软件 <ulink url="
  93. "\"&blfs-book;postlfs/raid.html\">RAID</ulink> 阵列或 <ulink url=\"&blfs-book;"
  94. "postlfs/aboutlvm.html\">LVM</ulink> 逻辑卷上。然而,一些分区架构需要 <ulink "
  95. "url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/initramfs.html\">initramfs</ulink>,这是一个比较复杂"
  96. "的话题。对于初次构建 LFS 的用户来说,不推荐采用这些分区方法。"
  97. #. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
  98. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:55
  99. msgid ""
  100. "Remember the designation of the new partition (e.g., <filename class="
  101. "\"devicefile\">sda5</filename>). This book will refer to this as the LFS "
  102. "partition. Also remember the designation of the <systemitem class="
  103. "\"filesystem\">swap</systemitem> partition. These names will be needed later "
  104. "for the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file."
  105. msgstr ""
  106. "牢记新分区的代号 (例如 <filename class=\"devicefile\">sda5</filename> )。本书"
  107. "将这个分区称为 LFS 分区。还需要记住 <systemitem class=\"filesystem\">swap</"
  108. "systemitem> 分区的代号。之后在设置 <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 文件时要用"
  109. "到这些代号。"
  110. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title>
  111. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:62
  112. msgid "Other Partition Issues"
  113. msgstr "其他分区问题"
  114. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para>
  115. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:64
  116. msgid ""
  117. "Requests for advice on system partitioning are often posted on the LFS "
  118. "mailing lists. This is a highly subjective topic. The default for most "
  119. "distributions is to use the entire drive with the exception of one small "
  120. "swap partition. This is not optimal for LFS for several reasons. It "
  121. "reduces flexibility, makes sharing of data across multiple distributions or "
  122. "LFS builds more difficult, makes backups more time consuming, and can waste "
  123. "disk space through inefficient allocation of file system structures."
  124. msgstr ""
  125. "经常有人在 LFS 邮件列表询问如何进行系统分区。这是一个相当主观的问题。许多发行"
  126. "版在默认情况下会使用整个磁盘,只留下一个小的 swap 分区。对于 LFS 来说,这往往"
  127. "不是最好的方案。它削弱了系统的灵活性,使得我们难以在多个发行版或 LFS 系统之间"
  128. "共享数据,增加系统备份时间,同时导致文件系统结构的不合理分配,浪费磁盘空间。"
  129. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
  130. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:73
  131. msgid "The Root Partition"
  132. msgstr "根分区"
  133. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  134. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:75
  135. msgid ""
  136. "A root LFS partition (not to be confused with the <filename class=\"directory"
  137. "\">/root</filename> directory) of twenty gigabytes is a good compromise for "
  138. "most systems. It provides enough space to build LFS and most of BLFS, but "
  139. "is small enough so that multiple partitions can be easily created for "
  140. "experimentation."
  141. msgstr ""
  142. "一个 LFS 根分区 (不要与 <filename class=\"directory\">/root</filename> 目录混"
  143. "淆) 一般分配 20 GB 的空间就足以保证多数系统的运行。它提供了构建 LFS 以及 "
  144. "BLFS 的大部分软件包的充足空间,但又不太大,因此能够创建多个分区,多次尝试构"
  145. "建 LFS 系统。"
  146. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
  147. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:82
  148. msgid "The Swap Partition"
  149. msgstr "交换 (Swap) 分区"
  150. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  151. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:84
  152. msgid ""
  153. "Most distributions automatically create a swap partition. Generally the "
  154. "recommended size of the swap partition is about twice the amount of physical "
  155. "RAM, however this is rarely needed. If disk space is limited, hold the swap "
  156. "partition to two gigabytes and monitor the amount of disk swapping."
  157. msgstr ""
  158. "许多发行版自动创建交换空间。一般来说,推荐采用两倍于物理内存的交换空间,然而"
  159. "这几乎没有必要。如果磁盘空间有限,可以创建不超过 2GB 的交换空间,并注意它的使"
  160. "用情况。"
  161. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  162. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:90
  163. msgid ""
  164. "If you want to use the hibernation feature (suspend-to-disk) of Linux, it "
  165. "writes out the contents of RAM to the swap partition before turning off the "
  166. "machine. In this case the size of the swap partition should be at least as "
  167. "large as the system's installed RAM."
  168. msgstr ""
  169. "如果您希望使用 Linux 的休眠功能 (挂起到磁盘),它会在关机前将内存内容写入"
  170. "到交换分区。这种情况下,交换分区的大小应该至少和系统内存相同。"
  171. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  172. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:95
  173. msgid ""
  174. "Swapping is never good. For mechanical hard drives you can generally tell if "
  175. "a system is swapping by just listening to disk activity and observing how "
  176. "the system reacts to commands. For an SSD drive you will not be able to "
  177. "hear swapping but you can tell how much swap space is being used by the "
  178. "<command>top</command> or <command>free</command> programs. Use of an SSD "
  179. "drive for a swap partition should be avoided if possible. The first "
  180. "reaction to swapping should be to check for an unreasonable command such as "
  181. "trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If swapping becomes a normal "
  182. "occurrence, the best solution is to purchase more RAM for your system."
  183. msgstr ""
  184. "交换到磁盘从来就不是一件好事。对于机械硬盘,通过听硬盘的工作噪声,同时观察系统的响应"
  185. "速度,就能说出系统是否在交换。对于 SSD,您无法听到工作噪声,但可以使用"
  186. "<command>top</command> 或 <command>free</command> 程序查看使用了多少交换空间。"
  187. "应该尽量避免使用 SSD 设备作为交换分区。一旦发生交换,首先检查是否输入了不合理的命令,"
  188. "例如试图编辑一个 5GB 的文件。如果交换时常发生,最好的办法是为你的系统添置内"
  189. "存。"
  190. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
  191. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:107
  192. msgid "The Grub Bios Partition"
  193. msgstr "Grub Bios 分区"
  194. # "Critical" warning suppressed because in Chinese we have no we to put "EF02" earlier.
  195. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  196. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:109
  197. msgid ""
  198. "If the <emphasis>boot disk</emphasis> has been partitioned with a GUID "
  199. "Partition Table (GPT), then a small, typically 1 MB, partition must be "
  200. "created if it does not already exist. This partition is not formatted, but "
  201. "must be available for GRUB to use during installation of the boot loader. "
  202. "This partition will normally be labeled 'BIOS Boot' if using <command>fdisk</"
  203. "command> or have a code of <emphasis>EF02</emphasis> if using "
  204. "<command>gdisk</command>."
  205. msgstr ""
  206. "如果 <emphasis>启动磁盘</emphasis> 采用 GUID 分区表 (GPT),那么必须创建一个小"
  207. "的,一般占据 1MB 的分区,除非它已经存在。这个分区不能格式化,在安装启动引导器"
  208. "时必须能够被 GRUB 发现。这个分区在 <command>fdisk</command> 下显示为 'BIOS "
  209. "Boot' 分区,在 <command>gdisk</command> 下显示分区类型代号为 <emphasis>EF02</"
  210. "emphasis>。"
  211. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><note><para>
  212. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:117
  213. msgid ""
  214. "The Grub Bios partition must be on the drive that the BIOS uses to boot the "
  215. "system. This is not necessarily the same drive where the LFS root partition "
  216. "is located. Disks on a system may use different partition table types. The "
  217. "requirement for this partition depends only on the partition table type of "
  218. "the boot disk."
  219. msgstr ""
  220. "Grub Bios 分区必须位于 BIOS 引导系统使用的磁盘上。这个磁盘未必是 LFS 根分区所"
  221. "在的磁盘。不同磁盘可以使用不同分区表格式,只有引导盘采用 GPT 时才必须创建该分"
  222. "区。"
  223. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
  224. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:125
  225. msgid "Convenience Partitions"
  226. msgstr "常用分区"
  227. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  228. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:127
  229. msgid ""
  230. "There are several other partitions that are not required, but should be "
  231. "considered when designing a disk layout. The following list is not "
  232. "comprehensive, but is meant as a guide."
  233. msgstr ""
  234. "还有其他几个并非必须,但在设计磁盘布局时应当考虑的分区。下面的列表并不完整,"
  235. "但可以作为一个参考。"
  236. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  237. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:133
  238. msgid ""
  239. "/boot &ndash; Highly recommended. Use this partition to store kernels and "
  240. "other booting information. To minimize potential boot problems with larger "
  241. "disks, make this the first physical partition on your first disk drive. A "
  242. "partition size of 200 megabytes is quite adequate."
  243. msgstr ""
  244. "boot &ndash; 高度推荐。这个分区可以存储内核和其他引导信息。为了减少大磁盘可能"
  245. "引起的问题,建议将 /boot 分区设为第一块磁盘的第一个分区。为它分配 200 MB 就绰"
  246. "绰有余。"
  247. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  248. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:139
  249. msgid ""
  250. "/home &ndash; Highly recommended. Share your home directory and user "
  251. "customization across multiple distributions or LFS builds. The size is "
  252. "generally fairly large and depends on available disk space."
  253. msgstr ""
  254. "/home &ndash; 高度推荐。独立的 /home 分区可以在多个发行版或 LFS 系统之间共享 "
  255. "home 目录和用户设置。它的尺寸一般很大,取决于硬盘的可用空间。"
  256. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  257. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:144
  258. msgid ""
  259. "/usr &ndash; A separate /usr partition is generally used if providing a "
  260. "server for a thin client or diskless workstation. It is normally not needed "
  261. "for LFS. A size of ten gigabytes will handle most installations."
  262. msgstr ""
  263. "/usr &ndash; 一个独立的 /usr 分区一般被用于瘦客户端或无盘站的服务器,LFS 一般"
  264. "不需要。为它划分 10GB 足够满足多数系统的要求。"
  265. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  266. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:149
  267. msgid ""
  268. "/opt &ndash; This directory is most useful for BLFS where multiple "
  269. "installations of large packages like Gnome or KDE can be installed without "
  270. "embedding the files in the /usr hierarchy. If used, 5 to 10 gigabytes is "
  271. "generally adequate."
  272. msgstr ""
  273. "/opt &ndash; 这个目录往往被用于在 BLFS 中安装 Gnome 或 KDE 等大型软件,以免把"
  274. "大量文件塞进 /usr 目录树。如果将它划分为独立分区,5 到 10 GB 一般就足够了。"
  275. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  276. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:155
  277. msgid ""
  278. "/tmp &ndash; A separate /tmp directory is rare, but useful if configuring a "
  279. "thin client. This partition, if used, will usually not need to exceed a "
  280. "couple of gigabytes."
  281. msgstr ""
  282. "/tmp &ndash; 一个独立的 /tmp 分区是很少见的,但在配置瘦客户端时很有用。如果分"
  283. "配了这个分区,大小一般不会超过几个 GB。"
  284. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
  285. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:159
  286. msgid ""
  287. "/usr/src &ndash; This partition is very useful for providing a location to "
  288. "store BLFS source files and share them across LFS builds. It can also be "
  289. "used as a location for building BLFS packages. A reasonably large partition "
  290. "of 30-50 gigabytes allows plenty of room."
  291. msgstr ""
  292. "/usr/src &ndash; 将它划分为独立分区,可以用于存储 BLFS 源代码,并在多个 LFS "
  293. "系统之间共享它们。它也可以用于编译 BLFS 软件包。30-50 GB 的分区可以提供足够的"
  294. "空间。"
  295. #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
  296. #: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter02/creatingpartition.xml:167
  297. msgid ""
  298. "Any separate partition that you want automatically mounted upon boot needs "
  299. "to be specified in the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Details about how "
  300. "to specify partitions will be discussed in <xref linkend=\"ch-bootable-fstab"
  301. "\"/>."
  302. msgstr ""
  303. "如果您希望在启动时自动挂载任何一个独立的分区,就要在 <filename>/etc/fstab</"
  304. "filename> 文件中说明。有关指定分区的细节将在 <xref linkend=\"ch-bootable-"
  305. "fstab\"/> 中讨论。"