lfs-book-i18n/zh_CN/chapter07/createfiles.po

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#. type: Content of: <sect1><title>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:11
msgid "Creating Essential Files and Symlinks"
msgstr "创建必要的文件和符号链接"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:14
msgid "/etc/passwd"
msgstr "/etc/passwd"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:18
msgid "/etc/group"
msgstr "/etc/group"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:22
msgid "/var/run/utmp"
msgstr "/var/run/utmp"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:26
msgid "/var/log/btmp"
msgstr "/var/log/btmp"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:30
msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:34
msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:37
msgid ""
"Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the file "
"<filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list internally "
"and exposes it to the user via the <filename class=\"directory\">/proc</"
"filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of "
"<filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following symbolic link:"
msgstr ""
"历史上，Linux 在 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 维护已经挂载的文件系统的列"
"表。现代内核在内部维护该列表，并通过 <filename class=\"directory\">/proc</"
"filename> 文件系统将它展示给用户。为了满足那些需要 <filename>/etc/mtab</"
"filename> 的工具，执行以下命令，创建符号链接："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:44
#, no-wrap
msgid "<userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput>"
msgstr "<userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:46
msgid ""
"Create a basic <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file to be referenced in some "
"test suites, and in one of Perl's configuration files as well:"
msgstr ""
"创建一个基本的 <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> 文件，"
"一些测试套件，以及 Perl 的一个配置文件将会使用它："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:50
#, no-wrap
msgid "<userinput>echo \"127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)\" &gt; /etc/hosts</userinput>"
msgstr "<userinput>echo \"127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)\" &gt; /etc/hosts</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:52
msgid ""
"In order for user <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> to be "
"able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there "
"must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and "
"<filename>/etc/group</filename> files."
msgstr ""
"为了使得 <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> 能正常登录，而且用"
"户名 <quote>root</quote> 能被正常识别，必须在文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</"
"filename> 和 <filename>/etc/groups</filename> 中写入相关的条目。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:57
msgid ""
"Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following "
"command:"
msgstr "执行以下命令创建 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 文件："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:60
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
"bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
"nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
"bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
"nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:68
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
"bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false\n"
"nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
"bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false\n"
"messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false\n"
"systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false\n"
"nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:84
msgid ""
"The actual password for <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> "
"will be set later."
msgstr ""
"我们以后再设置 <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> 用户的实际密"
"码。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:87
msgid ""
"Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following "
"command:"
msgstr "执行以下命令，创建 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 文件："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:90
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:\n"
"bin:x:1:daemon\n"
"sys:x:2:\n"
"kmem:x:3:\n"
"tape:x:4:\n"
"tty:x:5:\n"
"daemon:x:6:\n"
"floppy:x:7:\n"
"disk:x:8:\n"
"lp:x:9:\n"
"dialout:x:10:\n"
"audio:x:11:\n"
"video:x:12:\n"
"utmp:x:13:\n"
"usb:x:14:\n"
"cdrom:x:15:\n"
"adm:x:16:\n"
"messagebus:x:18:\n"
"input:x:24:\n"
"mail:x:34:\n"
"kvm:x:61:\n"
"wheel:x:97:\n"
"nogroup:x:99:\n"
"users:x:999:</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:\n"
"bin:x:1:daemon\n"
"sys:x:2:\n"
"kmem:x:3:\n"
"tape:x:4:\n"
"tty:x:5:\n"
"daemon:x:6:\n"
"floppy:x:7:\n"
"disk:x:8:\n"
"lp:x:9:\n"
"dialout:x:10:\n"
"audio:x:11:\n"
"video:x:12:\n"
"utmp:x:13:\n"
"usb:x:14:\n"
"cdrom:x:15:\n"
"adm:x:16:\n"
"messagebus:x:18:\n"
"input:x:24:\n"
"mail:x:34:\n"
"kvm:x:61:\n"
"wheel:x:97:\n"
"nogroup:x:99:\n"
"users:x:999:</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:117
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:\n"
"bin:x:1:daemon\n"
"sys:x:2:\n"
"kmem:x:3:\n"
"tape:x:4:\n"
"tty:x:5:\n"
"daemon:x:6:\n"
"floppy:x:7:\n"
"disk:x:8:\n"
"lp:x:9:\n"
"dialout:x:10:\n"
"audio:x:11:\n"
"video:x:12:\n"
"utmp:x:13:\n"
"usb:x:14:\n"
"cdrom:x:15:\n"
"adm:x:16:\n"
"messagebus:x:18:\n"
"systemd-journal:x:23:\n"
"input:x:24:\n"
"mail:x:34:\n"
"kvm:x:61:\n"
"systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:\n"
"systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:\n"
"systemd-journal-remote:x:74:\n"
"systemd-journal-upload:x:75:\n"
"systemd-network:x:76:\n"
"systemd-resolve:x:77:\n"
"systemd-timesync:x:78:\n"
"systemd-coredump:x:79:\n"
"wheel:x:97:\n"
"nogroup:x:99:\n"
"users:x:999:</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>root:x:0:\n"
"bin:x:1:daemon\n"
"sys:x:2:\n"
"kmem:x:3:\n"
"tape:x:4:\n"
"tty:x:5:\n"
"daemon:x:6:\n"
"floppy:x:7:\n"
"disk:x:8:\n"
"lp:x:9:\n"
"dialout:x:10:\n"
"audio:x:11:\n"
"video:x:12:\n"
"utmp:x:13:\n"
"usb:x:14:\n"
"cdrom:x:15:\n"
"adm:x:16:\n"
"messagebus:x:18:\n"
"systemd-journal:x:23:\n"
"input:x:24:\n"
"mail:x:34:\n"
"kvm:x:61:\n"
"systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:\n"
"systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:\n"
"systemd-journal-remote:x:74:\n"
"systemd-journal-upload:x:75:\n"
"systemd-network:x:76:\n"
"systemd-resolve:x:77:\n"
"systemd-timesync:x:78:\n"
"systemd-coredump:x:79:\n"
"wheel:x:97:\n"
"nogroup:x:99:\n"
"users:x:999:</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:153
msgid ""
"The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups "
"decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in Chapter "
"9, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux "
"distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or "
"groups.  The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
"refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml\"/>) only recommends that, besides "
"the group <systemitem class=\"groupname\">root</systemitem> with a Group ID "
"(GID) of 0, a group <systemitem class=\"groupname\">bin</systemitem> with a "
"GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by "
"the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID "
"numbers, but rather use the group's name."
msgstr ""
"这里创建的用户组并不属于任何标准 —— 它们一部分是为了满足第 9 章中 Udev 配置的需"
"要，另一部分借鉴了一些 Linux 发行版的通用惯例。另外，某些测试套件需要特定的"
"用户或组。Linux Standard Base (LSB，可以在 <ulink url=\"http://www."
"linuxbase.org\"/> 查看) 标准只推荐以组 ID 0 创建用户组 <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">root</systemitem>，以及以组 ID 1 创建用户组 <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">bin</systemitem>，其他组名和组 ID 由系统管理员自由分配，因为好"
"的程序不会依赖组 ID 数字，而是使用组名。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:165
msgid ""
"Some tests in <xref linkend=\"chapter-building-system\"/> need a regular "
"user. We add this user here and delete this account at the end of that "
"chapter."
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"chapter-building-system\"/>"
"中的一些测试需要使用一个普通用户。我们这里创建一个用户，"
"在那一章的末尾再删除该用户。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:169
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>echo \"tester:x:$(ls -n $(tty) | cut -d\" \" -f3):101::/home/tester:/bin/bash\" &gt;&gt; /etc/passwd\n"
"echo \"tester:x:101:\" &gt;&gt; /etc/group\n"
"install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>echo \"tester:x:$(ls -n $(tty) | cut -d\" \" -f3):101::/home/tester:/bin/bash\" &gt;&gt; /etc/passwd\n"
"echo \"tester:x:101:\" &gt;&gt; /etc/group\n"
"install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:173
msgid ""
"To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new shell. "
"Since the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</"
"filename> files have been created, user name and group name resolution will "
"now work:"
msgstr ""
"为了移除 <quote>I have no name!</quote> 提示符，需要打开一个新 shell。由于"
"已经创建了文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/group</"
"filename>，用户名和组名现在就可以正常解析了："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:179
#, no-wrap
msgid "<userinput>exec /bin/bash --login +h</userinput>"
msgstr "<userinput>exec /bin/bash --login +h</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:181
msgid ""
"Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells "
"<command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this "
"directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it "
"has executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as "
"they are installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for "
"the duration of this and the next chapter."
msgstr ""
"注意这里使用了 <parameter>+h</parameter> 参数。它告诉 <command>bash</"
"command> 不要使用内部的路径散列机制。如果没有指定该参数，<command>bash</"
"command> 会记忆它执行过程序的路径。为了在安装新编译好的程序后马上使用它们，"
"在本章和下一章中总是使用 <parameter>+h</parameter>。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:188
msgid ""
"The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and <command>init</"
"command> programs (and others) use a number of log files to record "
"information such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these "
"programs will not write to the log files if they do not already exist. "
"Initialize the log files and give them proper permissions:"
msgstr ""
"<command>login</command>、<command>agetty</command> 和 <command>init</"
"command> 等程序使用一些日志文件，以记录登录系统的用户和登录时间等信息。然"
"而，这些程序不会创建不存在的日志文件。初始化日志文件，并为它们设置合适的访问"
"权限："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:195
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}\n"
"chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog\n"
"chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog\n"
"chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}\n"
"chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog\n"
"chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog\n"
"chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:200
msgid ""
"The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and logouts. "
"The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each user last "
"logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records failed "
"login attempts.  The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records the bad "
"login attempts."
msgstr ""
"文件 <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> 记录所有的登录和登出，文件 "
"<filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> 记录每个用户最后登录的时间，文件 "
"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> 记录所有失败的登录尝试，文件 "
"<filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> 记录所有错误的登录尝试。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><note><para>
#: /home/xry111/svn-repos/LFS-BOOK/chapter07/createfiles.xml:206
msgid ""
"The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that are currently "
"logged in.  This file is created dynamically in the boot scripts."
msgstr ""
"文件 <filename>/run/utmp</filename> 记录当前登录的用户，它由引导脚本动态创"
"建。"