msgid "Linux-&linux-version;" msgstr "Linux-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Linux" msgstr "Linux" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "The Linux package contains the Linux kernel." msgstr "Linux 软件包包含 Linux 内核。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&buildtime;" msgstr "&buildtime;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&diskspace;" msgstr "&diskspace;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&linux-knl-sbu;" msgstr "&linux-knl-sbu;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&linux-knl-du;" msgstr "&linux-knl-du;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Installation of the kernel" msgstr "安装内核" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Building the kernel involves a few steps—configuration, compilation, " "and installation. Read the <filename>README</filename> file in the kernel " "source tree for alternative methods to the way this book configures the " "kernel." msgstr "" "构建内核需要三步 —— 配置、编译、安装。阅读内核源代码树中的 <filename>README</" "filename> 文件，了解不同于本手册的内核配置方法。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Prepare for compilation by running the following command:" msgstr "运行以下命令，准备编译内核：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"pre\">make mrproper</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"pre\">make mrproper</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The kernel team " "recommends that this command be issued prior to each kernel compilation. Do " "not rely on the source tree being clean after un-tarring." msgstr "" "该命令确保内核源代码树绝对干净，内核开发组建议在每次编译内核前运行该命令。尽" "管内核源代码树在解压后应该是干净的，但这并不完全可靠。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "There are several ways to configure the kernel options. Usually, This is " "done through a menu-driven interface, for example:" msgstr "" "有多种配置内核选项的方法。例如，通常我们通过目录驱动的界面完成这一工作：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>make menuconfig</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>make menuconfig</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "The meaning of optional make environment variables:" msgstr "以上命令中可选的 make 环境变量及含义：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This establishes the locale setting to the one used on the host. This may " "be needed for a proper menuconfig ncurses interface line drawing on a UTF-8 " "linux text console." msgstr "" "它们根据宿主使用的 locale 建立 locale 设定。在 UTF-8 Linux 文本终端下，有时必" "须这样做才能正确绘制基于 ncurses 的配置菜单接口。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "If used, be sure to replace <replaceable><host_LANG_value></" "replaceable> by the value of the <envar>$LANG</envar> variable from your " "host. You can alternatively use instead the host's value of <envar>$LC_ALL</" "envar> or <envar>$LC_CTYPE</envar>." msgstr "" "在这种情况下，一定要将 <replaceable><host_LANG_value> </replaceable> 替" "换成宿主环境中的 <envar>$LANG</envar> 变量值。您也可以使用宿主环境中 <envar>" "$LC_ALL</envar> 或 <envar>$LC_CTYPE</envar> 的值代替。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>make menuconfig</command>" msgstr "<command>make menuconfig</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This launches an ncurses menu-driven interface. For other (graphical) " "interfaces, type <command>make help</command>." msgstr "" "这会启动 ncurses 目录驱动的界面。如果希望了解其他 (图形) 界面，可以输入 " "<command>make help</command>。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "For general information on kernel configuration see <ulink url=\"&hints-root;" "kernel-configuration.txt\"/>. BLFS has some information regarding " "particular kernel configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at " "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;longindex.html#kernel-config-index\"/>. Additional " "information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at <ulink " "url=\"http://www.kroah.com/lkn/\"/>" msgstr "" "阅读 <ulink url=\"&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt\"/> 了解关于内核配置的" "一般信息。BLFS 包含一些关于 LFS 之外的软件包需要的特定内核配置的信息，位于" "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;longindex.html#kernel-config-index\"/> 。另外在 " "<ulink url=\"http://www.kroah.com/lkn/\"/> 也有一些关于配置和构建内核的信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "A good starting place for setting up the kernel configuration is to run " "<command>make defconfig</command>. This will set the base configuration to a " "good state that takes your current system architecture into account." msgstr "" "一个较好的初始内核配置可以通过运行 <command>make defconfig</command> 获得。它" "会考虑您的当前系统体系结构，将基本内核配置设定到较好的状态。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "Be sure to enable/disable/set the following features or the system might not " "work correctly or boot at all:" msgstr "" "一定要按照以下列表启用/禁用/设定其中列出的内核特性，否则系统可能不能正常工" "作，甚至根本无法引导：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]" msgstr "" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "General setup -->\n" " [*] Control Group support [CONFIG_CGROUPS]\n" " [ ] Enable deprecated sysfs features to support old userspace tools [CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED]\n" " [*] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) [CONFIG_EXPERT] ---> \n" " [*] open by fhandle syscalls [CONFIG_FHANDLE]\n" " [ ] Auditing support [CONFIG_AUDIT]\n" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode [CONFIG_SECCOMP]\n" "Firmware Drivers --->\n" " [*] Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [CONFIG_DMIID]\n" "Networking support --->\n" " Networking options --->\n" " <*> The IPv6 protocol [CONFIG_IPV6]\n" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]\n" " Firmware Loader --->\n" " [ ] Enable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism [CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]\n" "File systems --->\n" " [*] Inotify support for userspace [CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER]\n" " <*> Kernel automounter support (supports v3, v4, and v5) [CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS]\n" " Pseudo filesystems --->\n" " [*] Tmpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]\n" " [*] Tmpfs extended attributes [CONFIG_TMPFS_XATTR]" msgstr "" "General setup -->\n" " [*] Control Group support [CONFIG_CGROUPS]\n" " [ ] Enable deprecated sysfs features to support old userspace tools [CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED]\n" " [*] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) [CONFIG_EXPERT] ---> \n" " [*] open by fhandle syscalls [CONFIG_FHANDLE]\n" " [ ] Auditing support [CONFIG_AUDIT]\n" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode [CONFIG_SECCOMP]\n" "Firmware Drivers --->\n" " [*] Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [CONFIG_DMIID]\n" "Networking support --->\n" " Networking options --->\n" " <*> The IPv6 protocol [CONFIG_IPV6]\n" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]\n" " Firmware Loader --->\n" " [ ] Enable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism [CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]\n" "File systems --->\n" " [*] Inotify support for userspace [CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER]\n" " <*> Kernel automounter support (supports v3, v4, and v5) [CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS]\n" " Pseudo filesystems --->\n" " [*] Tmpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]\n" " [*] Tmpfs extended attributes [CONFIG_TMPFS_XATTR]" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "While \"The IPv6 Protocol\" is not strictly required, it is highly " "recommended by the systemd developers." msgstr "" "尽管 “The IPv6 Protocol” (IPv6 协议支持) 并不是严格要求的，但是 systemd 开发" "者强烈推荐启用它。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "There are several other options that may be desired depending on the " "requirements for the system. For a list of options needed for BLFS packages, " "see the <ulink url=\"&lfs-root;blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex." "html#kernel-config-index\">BLFS Index of Kernel Settings</ulink> (&lfs-root;" "blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-config-index)." msgstr "" "根据系统的需求，可能需要一些其他配置选项。BLFS 软件包需要的内核配置选项列表可" "以在 <ulink url=\"&lfs-root;blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-" "config-index\">BLFS Index of Kernel Settings</ulink> (&lfs-root;blfs/view/" "&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-config-index) 查阅。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "If your host hardware is using UEFI, then the 'make defconfig' above should " "automatically add in some EFI-related kernel options." msgstr "" "如果您的硬件平台使用 UEFI，则 “make defconfig” 命令也会自动加入一些 EFI 相关" "的内核选项。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "In order to allow your LFS kernel to be booted from within your host's UEFI " "boot environment, your kernel must have this option selected:" msgstr "" "为了允许从宿主系统的 UEFI 引导环境引导 LFS 内核，您必须选择一个内核选项：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] EFI stub support [CONFIG_EFI_STUB]" msgstr "" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] EFI stub support [CONFIG_EFI_STUB]" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "A fuller description of managing UEFI environments from within LFS is " "covered by the lfs-uefi.txt hint at <ulink url=\"&hints-root;lfs-uefi.txt\"/" ">." msgstr "" "在 LFS 中管理 UEFI 环境的较完整说明包含在 lfs-uefi.txt 中，它位于 <ulink url=" "\"&hints-root;lfs-uefi.txt\"/>。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "The rationale for the above configuration items:" msgstr "上述配置选项的含义：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>Support for uevent helper</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>Support for uevent helper</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Having this option set may interfere with device management when using Udev/" "Eudev." msgstr "如果启用了该选项，它可能干扰 Udev/Eudev 的设备管理。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>Maintain a devtmpfs</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>Maintain a devtmpfs</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This will create automated device nodes which are populated by the kernel, " "even without Udev running. Udev then runs on top of this, managing " "permissions and adding symlinks. This configuration item is required for " "all users of Udev/Eudev." msgstr "" "该选项会使内核自动创建设备节点，即使 Udev 没有运行。Udev 之后才在这些设备节点" "的基础上运行，管理它们的访问权限并为它们建立符号链接。所有 Udev/Eudev 用户都" "需要启用该选项。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, <command>make oldconfig</command> may be more appropriate in " "some situations. See the <filename>README</filename> file for more " "information." msgstr "" "某些情况下，<command>make oldconfig</command> 更为合适。阅读 " "<filename>README</filename> 文件了解更多信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel config file, " "<filename>.config</filename>, from the host system (assuming it is " "available) to the unpacked <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-" "version;</filename> directory. However, we do not recommend this option. It " "is often better to explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel " "configuration from scratch." msgstr "" "如果希望的话，也可以将宿主系统的内核配置文件 <filename>.config</filename> 拷" "贝到解压出的 <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;</filename> " "目录 (前提是可以找到该文件)。然而我们不推荐这样做，一般来说，浏览整个配置目" "录，并从头创建内核配置是更好的选择。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Compile the kernel image and modules:" msgstr "编译内核映像和模块：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If using kernel modules, module configuration in <filename class=\"directory" "\">/etc/modprobe.d</filename> may be required. Information pertaining to " "modules and kernel configuration is located in <xref linkend=\"ch-config-udev" "\"/> and in the kernel documentation in the <filename class=\"directory" "\">linux-&linux-version;/Documentation</filename> directory. Also, " "<filename>modprobe.d(5)</filename> may be of interest." msgstr "" "如果要使用内核模块，可能需要在 <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/modprobe." "d</filename> 中写入模块配置。讨论模块和内核配置的信息位于<xref linkend=\"ch-" "config-udev\"/>和 <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;/" "Documentation </filename> 目录下的内核文档中。另外 <filename>modprobe.d(5)</" "filename> 也可以作为参考。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Unless module support has been disabled in the kernel configuration, install " "the modules with:" msgstr "如果内核配置使用了模块，安装它们：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">make modules_install</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">make modules_install</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are required to " "complete the installation. Some files need to be copied to the <filename " "class=\"directory\">/boot</filename> directory." msgstr "" "在内核编译完成后，需要进行额外步骤完成安装，一些文件需要拷贝到 <filename " "class=\"directory\">/boot</filename> 目录中。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><caution><para> msgid "" "If the host system has a separate /boot partition, the files copied below " "should go there. The easiest way to do that is to bind /boot on the host " "(outside chroot) to /mnt/lfs/boot before proceeding. As the root user in " "the <emphasis>host system</emphasis>:" msgstr "" "如果宿主系统有单独的 /boot 分区，需要将这些文件拷贝到该分区中。最简单的方法是" "将宿主系统的 /boot (在 chroot 之外) 绑定到 /mnt/lfs/boot 再拷贝文件，在" "<emphasis>宿主系统</emphasis>中，以 root 身份执行：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><caution><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the platform being used. " "The filename below can be changed to suit your taste, but the stem of the " "filename should be <emphasis>vmlinuz</emphasis> to be compatible with the " "automatic setup of the boot process described in the next section. The " "following command assumes an x86 architecture:" msgstr "" "指向内核映像的路径可能随机器平台的不同而变化。下面使用的文件名可以依照您的需" "要改变，但文件名的开头应该保持为 <emphasis>vmlinuz</emphasis>，以保证和下一节" "描述的引导过程自动设定相兼容。下面的命令假定是机器是 x86 体系结构：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "<filename>System.map</filename> is a symbol file for the kernel. It maps " "the function entry points of every function in the kernel API, as well as " "the addresses of the kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is " "used as a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the following " "command to install the map file:" msgstr "" "<filename>System.map</filename> 是内核符号文件，它将内核 API 的每个函数入口点" "和运行时数据结构映射到它们的地址。它被用于调查分析内核可能出现的问题。执行以" "下命令安装该文件：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-&linux-version;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-&linux-version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The kernel configuration file <filename>.config</filename> produced by the " "<command>make menuconfig</command> step above contains all the configuration " "selections for the kernel that was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep " "this file for future reference:" msgstr "" "内核配置文件 <filename>.config</filename> 由上述的 <command>make menuconfig</" "command> 步骤生成，包含编译好的内核的所有配置选项。最好能将它保留下来以供日后" "参考：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv .config /boot/config-&linux-version;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv .config /boot/config-&linux-version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:" msgstr "安装 Linux 内核文档：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"install\">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;\n" "cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"install\">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;\n" "cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is important to note that the files in the kernel source directory are " "not owned by <emphasis>root</emphasis>. Whenever a package is unpacked as " "user <emphasis>root</emphasis> (like we did inside chroot), the files have " "the user and group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer. " "This is usually not a problem for any other package to be installed because " "the source tree is removed after the installation. However, the Linux source " "tree is often retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance " "that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody on the " "machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel source." msgstr "" "需要注意的是，在内核源代码目录中可能有不属于 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 的文" "件。在以 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 身份解压源代码包时 (就像我们在 chroot 环境" "中所做的那样)，这些文件会获得它们之前在软件包创建者的计算机上的用户和组 ID。" "这一般不会造成问题，因为在安装后通常会删除源代码目录树。然而，Linux 源代码目" "录树一般会被保留较长时间，这样创建者当时使用的用户 ID 就可能被分配给本机的某" "个用户，导致该用户拥有内核源代码的写权限。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to be updated for " "packages that will be installed later in BLFS. Unlike other packages, it is " "not necessary to remove the kernel source tree after the newly built kernel " "is installed." msgstr "" "之后在 BLFS 中安装软件包时往往需要修改内核配置。因此，和其他软件包不同，我们" "在安装好内核后可以不移除源代码树。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run <command>chown -R " "0:0</command> on the <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;</" "filename> directory to ensure all files are owned by user <emphasis>root</" "emphasis>." msgstr "" "如果要保留内核源代码树，切换到内核源代码目录，执行 <command>chown -R 0:0</" "command>，以保证 <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;</" "filename> 目录中所有文件都属于 <emphasis>root</emphasis>。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><warning><para> msgid "" "Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink from <filename class=" "\"symlink\">/usr/src/linux</filename> pointing to the kernel source " "directory. This is specific to kernels prior to the 2.6 series and " "<emphasis>must not</emphasis> be created on an LFS system as it can cause " "problems for packages you may wish to build once your base LFS system is " "complete." msgstr "" "有的内核文档建议创建符号链接 <filename class=\"symlink\">/usr/src/linux</" "filename> 指向内核源代码目录，这仅仅适用于 2.6 系列之前的内核。在 LFS 系统上" "<emphasis>绝对不要</emphasis>创建它，因为在构建完基本 LFS 系统后，它可能在您" "构建其他软件包时引起问题。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><warning><para> msgid "" "The headers in the system's <filename class=\"directory\">include</filename> " "directory (<filename class=\"directory\">/usr/include</filename>) should " "<emphasis>always</emphasis> be the ones against which Glibc was compiled, " "that is, the sanitised headers installed in <xref linkend=\"ch-tools-linux-" "headers\"/>. Therefore, they should <emphasis>never</emphasis> be replaced " "by either the raw kernel headers or any other kernel sanitized headers." msgstr "" "在系统 <filename class=\"directory\">include</filename> 目录 (即 <filename " "class=\"directory\">/usr/include</filename>) 中的内核头文件应该<emphasis>总是" "</emphasis>与构建 Glibc 时使用的内核头文件一致，即保持为<xref linkend=\"ch-" "tools-linux-headers\"/>中安装的净化头文件。换句话说，<emphasis>永远不要</" "emphasis>用原始内核头文件，或其他版本内核的净化头文件替换它们。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Configuring Linux Module Load Order" msgstr "配置 Linux 内核模块加载顺序" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> msgid "/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf" msgstr "/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but sometimes it " "needs some specific direction. The program that loads modules, " "<command>modprobe</command> or <command>insmod</command>, uses <filename>/" "etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename> for this purpose. This file needs to be " "created so that if the USB drivers (ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have " "been built as modules, they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd " "needs to be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a " "warning being output at boot time." msgstr "" "多数情况下 Linux 内核模块可以自动加载，但有时需要指定加载顺序。负责加载内核模" "块的程序 <command>modprobe</command> 和 <command>insmod</command> 从 " "<filename>/etc/modprobe.d</filename> 下的配置文件中读取加载顺序，例如，如果 " "USB 驱动程序 (ehci_hcd、ohci_hcd 和 uhci_hcd) 被构建为模块，则必须按照先加载 " "echi_hcd，再加载 ohci_hcd 和 uhci_hcd 的正确顺序，才能避免引导时出现警告信" "息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Create a new file <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename> by running " "the following:" msgstr "" "为此，执行以下命令创建文件 <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename>：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d\n" "cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << \"EOF\"\n" "<literal># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf\n" "\n" "install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true\n" "install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true\n" "\n" "# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d\n" "cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << \"EOF\"\n" "<literal># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf\n" "\n" "install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true\n" "install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true\n" "\n" "# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Contents of Linux" msgstr "Linux 的内容" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed files" msgstr "安装的文件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed directories" msgstr "安装的目录" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "" "config-&linux-version;, <phrase revision=\"sysv\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&version;,</phrase> <phrase revision=\"systemd\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&versiond;,</phrase> and System.map-&linux-version;" msgstr "" "config-&linux-version;, <phrase revision=\"sysv\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&version;,</phrase> <phrase revision=\"systemd\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&versiond;,</phrase> 以及 System.map-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "/lib/modules, /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;" msgstr "/lib/modules 和 /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><bridgehead> msgid "Short Descriptions" msgstr "简要描述" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist> msgid "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" msgstr "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>config-&linux-version;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>config-&linux-version;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel" msgstr "包含所有内核配置选项的值" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "/boot/config-&linux-version;" msgstr "/boot/config-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the computer, the kernel is " "the first part of the operating system that gets loaded. It detects and " "initializes all components of the computer's hardware, then makes these " "components available as a tree of files to the software and turns a single " "CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running scores of programs " "seemingly at the same time" msgstr "" "Linux 系统的引擎，在启动计算机时，它是操作系统中被最早加载的部分。它检测并初" "始化计算机硬件，将它们以目录树的形式提供给软件，并将单个 CPU 封装成多任务系" "统，使多个用户程序看上去在同时执行。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "lfskernel-&linux-version;" msgstr "lfskernel-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>System.map-&linux-version;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>System.map-&linux-version;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points and addresses of " "all the functions and data structures in the kernel" msgstr "地址和符号列表；它将内核函数和数据结构映射为入口点和地址" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "/boot/System.map-&linux-version;" msgstr "/boot/System.map-&linux-version;"

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#, no-wrap msgid "&linux-url;" msgstr "&linux-url;" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "kernel &linux-version; " msgstr "" "kernel &linux-version; " #. type: Content of: msgid "Linux-&linux-version;" msgstr "Linux-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Linux" msgstr "Linux" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "The Linux package contains the Linux kernel." msgstr "Linux 软件包包含 Linux 内核。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&buildtime;" msgstr "&buildtime;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&diskspace;" msgstr "&diskspace;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&linux-knl-sbu;" msgstr "&linux-knl-sbu;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&linux-knl-du;" msgstr "&linux-knl-du;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Installation of the kernel" msgstr "安装内核" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Building the kernel involves a few steps—configuration, compilation, " "and installation. Read the <filename>README</filename> file in the kernel " "source tree for alternative methods to the way this book configures the " "kernel." msgstr "" "构建内核需要三步 —— 配置、编译、安装。阅读内核源代码树中的 <filename>README</" "filename> 文件，了解不同于本手册的内核配置方法。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Prepare for compilation by running the following command:" msgstr "运行以下命令，准备编译内核：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"pre\">make mrproper</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"pre\">make mrproper</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The kernel team " "recommends that this command be issued prior to each kernel compilation. Do " "not rely on the source tree being clean after un-tarring." msgstr "" "该命令确保内核源代码树绝对干净，内核开发组建议在每次编译内核前运行该命令。尽" "管内核源代码树在解压后应该是干净的，但这并不完全可靠。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "There are several ways to configure the kernel options. Usually, This is " "done through a menu-driven interface, for example:" msgstr "" "有多种配置内核选项的方法。例如，通常我们通过目录驱动的界面完成这一工作：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>make menuconfig</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>make menuconfig</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "The meaning of optional make environment variables:" msgstr "以上命令中可选的 make 环境变量及含义：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This establishes the locale setting to the one used on the host. This may " "be needed for a proper menuconfig ncurses interface line drawing on a UTF-8 " "linux text console." msgstr "" "它们根据宿主使用的 locale 建立 locale 设定。在 UTF-8 Linux 文本终端下，有时必" "须这样做才能正确绘制基于 ncurses 的配置菜单接口。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "If used, be sure to replace <replaceable><host_LANG_value></" "replaceable> by the value of the <envar>$LANG</envar> variable from your " "host. You can alternatively use instead the host's value of <envar>$LC_ALL</" "envar> or <envar>$LC_CTYPE</envar>." msgstr "" "在这种情况下，一定要将 <replaceable><host_LANG_value> </replaceable> 替" "换成宿主环境中的 <envar>$LANG</envar> 变量值。您也可以使用宿主环境中 <envar>" "$LC_ALL</envar> 或 <envar>$LC_CTYPE</envar> 的值代替。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>make menuconfig</command>" msgstr "<command>make menuconfig</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This launches an ncurses menu-driven interface. For other (graphical) " "interfaces, type <command>make help</command>." msgstr "" "这会启动 ncurses 目录驱动的界面。如果希望了解其他 (图形) 界面，可以输入 " "<command>make help</command>。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "For general information on kernel configuration see <ulink url=\"&hints-root;" "kernel-configuration.txt\"/>. BLFS has some information regarding " "particular kernel configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at " "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;longindex.html#kernel-config-index\"/>. Additional " "information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at <ulink " "url=\"http://www.kroah.com/lkn/\"/>" msgstr "" "阅读 <ulink url=\"&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt\"/> 了解关于内核配置的" "一般信息。BLFS 包含一些关于 LFS 之外的软件包需要的特定内核配置的信息，位于" "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;longindex.html#kernel-config-index\"/> 。另外在 " "<ulink url=\"http://www.kroah.com/lkn/\"/> 也有一些关于配置和构建内核的信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "A good starting place for setting up the kernel configuration is to run " "<command>make defconfig</command>. This will set the base configuration to a " "good state that takes your current system architecture into account." msgstr "" "一个较好的初始内核配置可以通过运行 <command>make defconfig</command> 获得。它" "会考虑您的当前系统体系结构，将基本内核配置设定到较好的状态。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "Be sure to enable/disable/set the following features or the system might not " "work correctly or boot at all:" msgstr "" "一定要按照以下列表启用/禁用/设定其中列出的内核特性，否则系统可能不能正常工" "作，甚至根本无法引导：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]" msgstr "" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "General setup -->\n" " [*] Control Group support [CONFIG_CGROUPS]\n" " [ ] Enable deprecated sysfs features to support old userspace tools [CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED]\n" " [*] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) [CONFIG_EXPERT] ---> \n" " [*] open by fhandle syscalls [CONFIG_FHANDLE]\n" " [ ] Auditing support [CONFIG_AUDIT]\n" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode [CONFIG_SECCOMP]\n" "Firmware Drivers --->\n" " [*] Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [CONFIG_DMIID]\n" "Networking support --->\n" " Networking options --->\n" " <*> The IPv6 protocol [CONFIG_IPV6]\n" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]\n" " Firmware Loader --->\n" " [ ] Enable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism [CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]\n" "File systems --->\n" " [*] Inotify support for userspace [CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER]\n" " <*> Kernel automounter support (supports v3, v4, and v5) [CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS]\n" " Pseudo filesystems --->\n" " [*] Tmpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]\n" " [*] Tmpfs extended attributes [CONFIG_TMPFS_XATTR]" msgstr "" "General setup -->\n" " [*] Control Group support [CONFIG_CGROUPS]\n" " [ ] Enable deprecated sysfs features to support old userspace tools [CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED]\n" " [*] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) [CONFIG_EXPERT] ---> \n" " [*] open by fhandle syscalls [CONFIG_FHANDLE]\n" " [ ] Auditing support [CONFIG_AUDIT]\n" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode [CONFIG_SECCOMP]\n" "Firmware Drivers --->\n" " [*] Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [CONFIG_DMIID]\n" "Networking support --->\n" " Networking options --->\n" " <*> The IPv6 protocol [CONFIG_IPV6]\n" "Device Drivers --->\n" " Generic Driver Options --->\n" " [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]\n" " [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]\n" " Firmware Loader --->\n" " [ ] Enable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism [CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]\n" "File systems --->\n" " [*] Inotify support for userspace [CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER]\n" " <*> Kernel automounter support (supports v3, v4, and v5) [CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS]\n" " Pseudo filesystems --->\n" " [*] Tmpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]\n" " [*] Tmpfs extended attributes [CONFIG_TMPFS_XATTR]" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "While \"The IPv6 Protocol\" is not strictly required, it is highly " "recommended by the systemd developers." msgstr "" "尽管 “The IPv6 Protocol” (IPv6 协议支持) 并不是严格要求的，但是 systemd 开发" "者强烈推荐启用它。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "There are several other options that may be desired depending on the " "requirements for the system. For a list of options needed for BLFS packages, " "see the <ulink url=\"&lfs-root;blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex." "html#kernel-config-index\">BLFS Index of Kernel Settings</ulink> (&lfs-root;" "blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-config-index)." msgstr "" "根据系统的需求，可能需要一些其他配置选项。BLFS 软件包需要的内核配置选项列表可" "以在 <ulink url=\"&lfs-root;blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-" "config-index\">BLFS Index of Kernel Settings</ulink> (&lfs-root;blfs/view/" "&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-config-index) 查阅。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "If your host hardware is using UEFI, then the 'make defconfig' above should " "automatically add in some EFI-related kernel options." msgstr "" "如果您的硬件平台使用 UEFI，则 “make defconfig” 命令也会自动加入一些 EFI 相关" "的内核选项。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "In order to allow your LFS kernel to be booted from within your host's UEFI " "boot environment, your kernel must have this option selected:" msgstr "" "为了允许从宿主系统的 UEFI 引导环境引导 LFS 内核，您必须选择一个内核选项：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] EFI stub support [CONFIG_EFI_STUB]" msgstr "" "Processor type and features --->\n" " [*] EFI stub support [CONFIG_EFI_STUB]" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "A fuller description of managing UEFI environments from within LFS is " "covered by the lfs-uefi.txt hint at <ulink url=\"&hints-root;lfs-uefi.txt\"/" ">." msgstr "" "在 LFS 中管理 UEFI 环境的较完整说明包含在 lfs-uefi.txt 中，它位于 <ulink url=" "\"&hints-root;lfs-uefi.txt\"/>。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "The rationale for the above configuration items:" msgstr "上述配置选项的含义：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>Support for uevent helper</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>Support for uevent helper</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Having this option set may interfere with device management when using Udev/" "Eudev." msgstr "如果启用了该选项，它可能干扰 Udev/Eudev 的设备管理。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>Maintain a devtmpfs</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>Maintain a devtmpfs</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This will create automated device nodes which are populated by the kernel, " "even without Udev running. Udev then runs on top of this, managing " "permissions and adding symlinks. This configuration item is required for " "all users of Udev/Eudev." msgstr "" "该选项会使内核自动创建设备节点，即使 Udev 没有运行。Udev 之后才在这些设备节点" "的基础上运行，管理它们的访问权限并为它们建立符号链接。所有 Udev/Eudev 用户都" "需要启用该选项。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, <command>make oldconfig</command> may be more appropriate in " "some situations. See the <filename>README</filename> file for more " "information." msgstr "" "某些情况下，<command>make oldconfig</command> 更为合适。阅读 " "<filename>README</filename> 文件了解更多信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel config file, " "<filename>.config</filename>, from the host system (assuming it is " "available) to the unpacked <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-" "version;</filename> directory. However, we do not recommend this option. It " "is often better to explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel " "configuration from scratch." msgstr "" "如果希望的话，也可以将宿主系统的内核配置文件 <filename>.config</filename> 拷" "贝到解压出的 <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;</filename> " "目录 (前提是可以找到该文件)。然而我们不推荐这样做，一般来说，浏览整个配置目" "录，并从头创建内核配置是更好的选择。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Compile the kernel image and modules:" msgstr "编译内核映像和模块：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If using kernel modules, module configuration in <filename class=\"directory" "\">/etc/modprobe.d</filename> may be required. Information pertaining to " "modules and kernel configuration is located in <xref linkend=\"ch-config-udev" "\"/> and in the kernel documentation in the <filename class=\"directory" "\">linux-&linux-version;/Documentation</filename> directory. Also, " "<filename>modprobe.d(5)</filename> may be of interest." msgstr "" "如果要使用内核模块，可能需要在 <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/modprobe." "d</filename> 中写入模块配置。讨论模块和内核配置的信息位于<xref linkend=\"ch-" "config-udev\"/>和 <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;/" "Documentation </filename> 目录下的内核文档中。另外 <filename>modprobe.d(5)</" "filename> 也可以作为参考。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Unless module support has been disabled in the kernel configuration, install " "the modules with:" msgstr "如果内核配置使用了模块，安装它们：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">make modules_install</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">make modules_install</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are required to " "complete the installation. Some files need to be copied to the <filename " "class=\"directory\">/boot</filename> directory." msgstr "" "在内核编译完成后，需要进行额外步骤完成安装，一些文件需要拷贝到 <filename " "class=\"directory\">/boot</filename> 目录中。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><caution><para> msgid "" "If the host system has a separate /boot partition, the files copied below " "should go there. The easiest way to do that is to bind /boot on the host " "(outside chroot) to /mnt/lfs/boot before proceeding. As the root user in " "the <emphasis>host system</emphasis>:" msgstr "" "如果宿主系统有单独的 /boot 分区，需要将这些文件拷贝到该分区中。最简单的方法是" "将宿主系统的 /boot (在 chroot 之外) 绑定到 /mnt/lfs/boot 再拷贝文件，在" "<emphasis>宿主系统</emphasis>中，以 root 身份执行：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><caution><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the platform being used. " "The filename below can be changed to suit your taste, but the stem of the " "filename should be <emphasis>vmlinuz</emphasis> to be compatible with the " "automatic setup of the boot process described in the next section. The " "following command assumes an x86 architecture:" msgstr "" "指向内核映像的路径可能随机器平台的不同而变化。下面使用的文件名可以依照您的需" "要改变，但文件名的开头应该保持为 <emphasis>vmlinuz</emphasis>，以保证和下一节" "描述的引导过程自动设定相兼容。下面的命令假定是机器是 x86 体系结构：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "<filename>System.map</filename> is a symbol file for the kernel. It maps " "the function entry points of every function in the kernel API, as well as " "the addresses of the kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is " "used as a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the following " "command to install the map file:" msgstr "" "<filename>System.map</filename> 是内核符号文件，它将内核 API 的每个函数入口点" "和运行时数据结构映射到它们的地址。它被用于调查分析内核可能出现的问题。执行以" "下命令安装该文件：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-&linux-version;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-&linux-version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The kernel configuration file <filename>.config</filename> produced by the " "<command>make menuconfig</command> step above contains all the configuration " "selections for the kernel that was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep " "this file for future reference:" msgstr "" "内核配置文件 <filename>.config</filename> 由上述的 <command>make menuconfig</" "command> 步骤生成，包含编译好的内核的所有配置选项。最好能将它保留下来以供日后" "参考：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv .config /boot/config-&linux-version;</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">cp -iv .config /boot/config-&linux-version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:" msgstr "安装 Linux 内核文档：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"install\">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;\n" "cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"install\">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;\n" "cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is important to note that the files in the kernel source directory are " "not owned by <emphasis>root</emphasis>. Whenever a package is unpacked as " "user <emphasis>root</emphasis> (like we did inside chroot), the files have " "the user and group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer. " "This is usually not a problem for any other package to be installed because " "the source tree is removed after the installation. However, the Linux source " "tree is often retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance " "that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody on the " "machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel source." msgstr "" "需要注意的是，在内核源代码目录中可能有不属于 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 的文" "件。在以 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 身份解压源代码包时 (就像我们在 chroot 环境" "中所做的那样)，这些文件会获得它们之前在软件包创建者的计算机上的用户和组 ID。" "这一般不会造成问题，因为在安装后通常会删除源代码目录树。然而，Linux 源代码目" "录树一般会被保留较长时间，这样创建者当时使用的用户 ID 就可能被分配给本机的某" "个用户，导致该用户拥有内核源代码的写权限。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to be updated for " "packages that will be installed later in BLFS. Unlike other packages, it is " "not necessary to remove the kernel source tree after the newly built kernel " "is installed." msgstr "" "之后在 BLFS 中安装软件包时往往需要修改内核配置。因此，和其他软件包不同，我们" "在安装好内核后可以不移除源代码树。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run <command>chown -R " "0:0</command> on the <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;</" "filename> directory to ensure all files are owned by user <emphasis>root</" "emphasis>." msgstr "" "如果要保留内核源代码树，切换到内核源代码目录，执行 <command>chown -R 0:0</" "command>，以保证 <filename class=\"directory\">linux-&linux-version;</" "filename> 目录中所有文件都属于 <emphasis>root</emphasis>。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><warning><para> msgid "" "Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink from <filename class=" "\"symlink\">/usr/src/linux</filename> pointing to the kernel source " "directory. This is specific to kernels prior to the 2.6 series and " "<emphasis>must not</emphasis> be created on an LFS system as it can cause " "problems for packages you may wish to build once your base LFS system is " "complete." msgstr "" "有的内核文档建议创建符号链接 <filename class=\"symlink\">/usr/src/linux</" "filename> 指向内核源代码目录，这仅仅适用于 2.6 系列之前的内核。在 LFS 系统上" "<emphasis>绝对不要</emphasis>创建它，因为在构建完基本 LFS 系统后，它可能在您" "构建其他软件包时引起问题。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><warning><para> msgid "" "The headers in the system's <filename class=\"directory\">include</filename> " "directory (<filename class=\"directory\">/usr/include</filename>) should " "<emphasis>always</emphasis> be the ones against which Glibc was compiled, " "that is, the sanitised headers installed in <xref linkend=\"ch-tools-linux-" "headers\"/>. Therefore, they should <emphasis>never</emphasis> be replaced " "by either the raw kernel headers or any other kernel sanitized headers." msgstr "" "在系统 <filename class=\"directory\">include</filename> 目录 (即 <filename " "class=\"directory\">/usr/include</filename>) 中的内核头文件应该<emphasis>总是" "</emphasis>与构建 Glibc 时使用的内核头文件一致，即保持为<xref linkend=\"ch-" "tools-linux-headers\"/>中安装的净化头文件。换句话说，<emphasis>永远不要</" "emphasis>用原始内核头文件，或其他版本内核的净化头文件替换它们。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Configuring Linux Module Load Order" msgstr "配置 Linux 内核模块加载顺序" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> msgid "/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf" msgstr "/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but sometimes it " "needs some specific direction. The program that loads modules, " "<command>modprobe</command> or <command>insmod</command>, uses <filename>/" "etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename> for this purpose. This file needs to be " "created so that if the USB drivers (ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have " "been built as modules, they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd " "needs to be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a " "warning being output at boot time." msgstr "" "多数情况下 Linux 内核模块可以自动加载，但有时需要指定加载顺序。负责加载内核模" "块的程序 <command>modprobe</command> 和 <command>insmod</command> 从 " "<filename>/etc/modprobe.d</filename> 下的配置文件中读取加载顺序，例如，如果 " "USB 驱动程序 (ehci_hcd、ohci_hcd 和 uhci_hcd) 被构建为模块，则必须按照先加载 " "echi_hcd，再加载 ohci_hcd 和 uhci_hcd 的正确顺序，才能避免引导时出现警告信" "息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Create a new file <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename> by running " "the following:" msgstr "" "为此，执行以下命令创建文件 <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename>：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d\n" "cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << \"EOF\"\n" "<literal># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf\n" "\n" "install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true\n" "install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true\n" "\n" "# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d\n" "cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << \"EOF\"\n" "<literal># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf\n" "\n" "install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true\n" "install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true\n" "\n" "# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Contents of Linux" msgstr "Linux 的内容" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed files" msgstr "安装的文件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed directories" msgstr "安装的目录" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "" "config-&linux-version;, <phrase revision=\"sysv\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&version;,</phrase> <phrase revision=\"systemd\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&versiond;,</phrase> and System.map-&linux-version;" msgstr "" "config-&linux-version;, <phrase revision=\"sysv\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&version;,</phrase> <phrase revision=\"systemd\">vmlinuz-&linux-version;-" "lfs-&versiond;,</phrase> 以及 System.map-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "/lib/modules, /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;" msgstr "/lib/modules 和 /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><bridgehead> msgid "Short Descriptions" msgstr "简要描述" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist> msgid "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" msgstr "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>config-&linux-version;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>config-&linux-version;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel" msgstr "包含所有内核配置选项的值" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "/boot/config-&linux-version;" msgstr "/boot/config-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&versiond;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the computer, the kernel is " "the first part of the operating system that gets loaded. It detects and " "initializes all components of the computer's hardware, then makes these " "components available as a tree of files to the software and turns a single " "CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running scores of programs " "seemingly at the same time" msgstr "" "Linux 系统的引擎，在启动计算机时，它是操作系统中被最早加载的部分。它检测并初" "始化计算机硬件，将它们以目录树的形式提供给软件，并将单个 CPU 封装成多任务系" "统，使多个用户程序看上去在同时执行。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "lfskernel-&linux-version;" msgstr "lfskernel-&linux-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<filename>System.map-&linux-version;</filename>" msgstr "<filename>System.map-&linux-version;</filename>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points and addresses of " "all the functions and data structures in the kernel" msgstr "地址和符号列表；它将内核函数和数据结构映射为入口点和地址" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "/boot/System.map-&linux-version;" msgstr "/boot/System.map-&linux-version;"