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#. type: Content of: <sect1><title>
msgid "Setting Up the Environment"
msgstr "配置环境"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files for the "
"<command>bash</command> shell. While logged in as user <systemitem class="
"\"username\">lfs</systemitem>, issue the following command to create a new "
"<filename>.bash_profile</filename>:"
msgstr ""
"为了配置一个良好的工作环境，我们为 <command>bash</command> 创建两个新的启动脚"
"本。以 <systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> 的身份，执行以下命令，"
"创建一个新的 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bash_profile &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\\u:\\w\\$ ' /bin/bash</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bash_profile &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\\u:\\w\\$ ' /bin/bash</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"

# swap two labels
#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
msgid ""
"When logged on as user <systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem>, the "
"initial shell is usually a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the "
"<filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some "
"settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</"
"filename>.  The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the "
"<filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a "
"new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</"
"envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures "
"that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the "
"host system leak into the build environment. The technique used here "
"achieves the goal of ensuring a clean environment."
msgstr ""
"在以 <systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> 用户登录时，初始的 "
"shell 一般是一个<emphasis>登录</emphasis> shell。它读取宿主系统的 <filename>/"
"etc/profile</filename> 文件 (可能包含一些设置和环境变量)，然后读取 "
"<filename>.bash_profile</filename>。我们在 <filename>.bash_profile</"
"filename> 中使用 <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> 命令，新建一个除"
"了 <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar> 以及 <envar>PS1</envar> 外没有任"
"何环境变量的 shell，替换当前 shell，防止宿主环境中不必要和有潜在风险的环境变"
"量进入编译环境。通过使用以上技巧，我们创建了一个干净环境。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, "
"which does not read, and execute, the contents of <filename>/etc/profile</"
"filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and "
"executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the "
"<filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:"
msgstr ""
"新的 shell 实例是 <emphasis>非登录</emphasis> shell，它不会读取和执行 "
"<filename>/etc/profile</filename> 或者 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 的"
"内容，而是读取并执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件。现在我们就创建一个 "
"<filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>set +h\n"
"umask 022\n"
"LFS=/mnt/lfs\n"
"LC_ALL=POSIX\n"
"LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\n"
"PATH=/usr/bin\n"
"if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi\n"
"PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH\n"
"export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; \"EOF\"\n"
"<literal>set +h\n"
"umask 022\n"
"LFS=/mnt/lfs\n"
"LC_ALL=POSIX\n"
"LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\n"
"PATH=/usr/bin\n"
"if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi\n"
"PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH\n"
"export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>\n"
"EOF</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><title>
msgid "The meaning of the settings in <filename>.bashrc</filename>"
msgstr "<filename>.bashrc</filename> 中设定的含义："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>set +h</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>set +h</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <command>set +h</command> command turns off <command>bash</command>'s "
"hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<command>bash</"
"command> uses a hash table to remember the full path of executable files to "
"avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar> time and again to find the same "
"executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are "
"installed. By switching off the hash function, the shell will always search "
"the <envar>PATH</envar> when a program is to be run. As such, the shell will "
"find the newly compiled tools in <filename class=\"directory\">$LFS/tools</"
"filename> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous "
"version of the same program in a different location."
msgstr ""
"<command>set +h</command> 命令关闭 <command>bash</command> 的散列功能。一般情"
"况下，散列是很有用的 —— <command>bash</command> 使用一个散列表维护各个可执行"
"文件的完整路径，这样就不用每次都在 <envar>PATH</envar> 指定的目录中搜索可执行"
"文件。然而，在构建 LFS 时，我们希望总是使用最新安装的工具。因此，需要关闭散列"
"功能，使得 shell 在运行程序时总是搜索 <envar>PATH</envar>。这样，shell 总是能"
"够找到 <filename class=\"directory\">$LFS/tools</filename> 目录中那些最新编译"
"的工具，而不是使用之前记忆的另一个目录中的程序。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>umask 022</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>umask 022</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly "
"created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are "
"readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the "
"<function>open(2)</function> system call, new files will end up with "
"permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755)."
msgstr ""
"将用户的文件创建掩码 (umask) 设定为 022，保证只有文件所有者可以写新创建的文件"
"和目录，但任何人都可读取、执行它们。(如果 <function>open(2)</function> 系统调"
"用使用默认模式，则新文件将具有权限码 644，而新目录具有权限码 755)。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>LFS=/mnt/lfs</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>LFS=/mnt/lfs</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <envar>LFS</envar> variable should be set to the chosen mount point."
msgstr "<envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量必须被设定为之前选择的挂载点。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>LC_ALL=POSIX</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>LC_ALL=POSIX</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <envar>LC_ALL</envar> variable controls the localization of certain "
"programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified "
"country.  Setting <envar>LC_ALL</envar> to <quote>POSIX</quote> or <quote>C</"
"quote> (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as "
"expected in the chroot environment."
msgstr ""
"<envar>LC_ALL</envar> 环境变量控制某些程序的本地化行为，使得它们以特定国家的"
"语言和惯例输出消息。将 <envar>LC_ALL</envar> 设置为 <quote>POSIX</quote> 或"
"者 <quote>C</quote>(这两种设置是等价的) 可以保证在 chroot 环境中所有命令的行"
"为完全符合预期，而与宿主的本地化设置无关。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>LFS_TGT=(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>LFS_TGT=(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable sets a non-default, but compatible "
"machine description for use when building our cross compiler and linker and "
"when cross compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is contained "
"in <xref linkend=\"ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes\" role=\"\"/>."
msgstr ""
"<envar>LFS_TGT</envar>变量设定了一个非默认，但与宿主系统兼容的机器描述符。该"
"描述符被用于构建交叉编译器和交叉编译临时工具链。<xref linkend=\"ch-tools-"
"toolchaintechnotes\" role=\"\"/>包含了关于这个描述符的更多信息。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>PATH=/usr/bin</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>PATH=/usr/bin</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Many modern linux distributions have merged <filename class=\"directory\">/"
"bin</filename> and <filename class=\"directory\">/usr/bin</filename>. When "
"this is the case, the standard <envar>PATH</envar> variable needs just to be "
"set to <filename class=\"directory\">/usr/bin/</filename> for the <xref "
"linkend=\"chapter-temporary-tools\"/> environment. When this is not the "
"case, the following line adds <filename class=\"directory\">/bin</filename> "
"to the path."
msgstr ""
"许多现代 Linux 发行版合并了 <filename class=\"directory\">/bin</filename> 和 "
"<filename class=\"directory\">/usr/bin</filename>。在这种情况下，标准 "
"<envar>PATH</envar> 变量只需要被设定为 <filename class=\"directory\">/usr/"
"bin</filename>，即可满足<xref linkend=\"chapter-temporary-tools\"/>的环境。否"
"则，后续命令将会增加 <filename class=\"directory\">/bin</filename> 到搜索路径"
"中。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"If <filename class=\"directory\">/bin</filename> is not a symbolic link, "
"then it has to be added to the <envar>PATH</envar> variable."
msgstr ""
"如果 <filename class=\"directory\">/bin</filename> 不是符号链接，则它需要被添"
"加到 <envar>PATH</envar> 变量中。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"By putting <filename class=\"directory\">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> ahead of "
"the standard <envar>PATH</envar>, the cross-compiler installed at the "
"beginning of <xref linkend=\"chapter-cross-tools\"/> is picked up by the "
"shell immediately after its installation. This, combined with turning off "
"hashing, limits the risk that the compiler from the host be used instead of "
"the cross-compiler."
msgstr ""
"我们将 <filename class=\"directory\">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> 附加在默认的 "
"<envar>PATH</envar> 环境变量之前，这样在<xref linkend=\"chapter-cross-tools"
"\"/>中，我们一旦安装了新的程序，shell 就能立刻使用它们。这与关闭散列功能相结"
"合，降低了在第 5 章环境中新程序可用时错误地使用宿主系统中旧程序的风险。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
msgid "<parameter>export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</parameter>"
msgstr "<parameter>export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</parameter>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"While the above commands have set some variables, in order to make them "
"visible within any sub-shells, we export them."
msgstr ""
"前面的命令设定了一些变量，为了让所有子 shell 都能使用这些变量，需要导出它们。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><important><para>
msgid ""
"Several commercial distributions add a non-documented instantiation of "
"<filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> to the initialization of "
"<command>bash</command>. This file has the potential to modify the "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> user's environment in ways "
"that can affect the building of critical LFS packages. To make sure the "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> user's envronment is clean, "
"check for the presence of <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> and, if "
"present, move it out of the way.  As the <systemitem class=\"username"
"\">root</systemitem> user, run:"
msgstr ""
"一些商业发行版在 <command>bash</command> 初始化过程中，未做文档说明地增加了 "
"<filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename>。该文件可能修改 <systemitem class="
"\"username\">lfs</systemitem> 用户的环境，并影响 LFS 关键软件包的构建。为了保"
"证 <systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> 用户环境的纯净，检查 "
"<filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> 是否存在，如果它存在就将它移走。以 "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> 用户身份，运行："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><important><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "<userinput>[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE</userinput>"
msgstr "<userinput>[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE</userinput>"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><important><para>
msgid ""
"After use of the <systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> user is "
"finished at the beginning of <xref linkend=\"chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"
"\"/>, you can restore <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> (if desired)."
msgstr ""
"在<xref linkend=\"chapter-chroot-temporary-tools\"/>一章开始后，就不再使用 "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">lfs</systemitem> 用户，您 (如果希望的话) 可以"
"复原 <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> 文件。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><important><para>
msgid ""
"Note that the LFS Bash package we will build in <xref linkend=\"ch-system-"
"bash\"/> is not configured to load or execute <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</"
"filename>, so this file is useless on a completed LFS system."
msgstr ""
"注意我们将会在<xref linkend=\"ch-system-bash\"/>中构建的 LFS Bash 软件包未被"
"配置为读取或执行 <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename>，因此它在完整的 LFS 系"
"统中没有作用。"

#. type: Content of: <sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building the temporary "
"tools, source the just-created user profile:"
msgstr ""
"最后，为了完全准备好编译临时工具的环境，指示 shell 读取刚才创建的配置文件："

#. type: Content of: <sect1><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "<userinput>source ~/.bash_profile</userinput>"
msgstr "<userinput>source ~/.bash_profile</userinput>"