msgid "Systemd Usage and Configuration" msgstr "Systemd 使用和配置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Systemd Customization" msgstr "Systemd 自定义设置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Basic Configuration" msgstr "基础设置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The <filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> file contains a set of " "options to control basic systemd operations. The default file has all " "entries commented out with the default settings indicated. This file is " "where the log level may be changed as well as some basic logging settings. " "See the <filename>systemd-system.conf(5)</filename> manual page for details " "on each configuration option." msgstr "" "<filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> 文件包含一组控制 systemd 基本功" "能的选项。默认文件中所有条目都被注释掉，并标明了默认值。可以在这里修改日志级" "别，以及其他一些基本日志设定。参阅 <filename>systemd-system.conf(5)</" "filename> man 手册页面了解每个选项的详细信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Disabling Screen Clearing at Boot Time" msgstr "禁用引导时自动清屏" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The normal behavior for systemd is to clear the screen at the end of the " "boot sequence. If desired, this behavior may be changed by running the " "following command:" msgstr "" "Systemd 的默认行为是在引导过程结束时清除屏幕。如果希望的话，您可以运行以下命" "令，修改这一行为：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/noclear.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "TTYVTDisallocate=no</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/noclear.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "TTYVTDisallocate=no</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The boot messages can always be reviewed by using the <userinput>journalctl -" "b</userinput> command as the root user." msgstr "" "您总是可以用 root 身份运行 <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> 命令，查阅引" "导消息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Disabling tmpfs for /tmp" msgstr "禁止将 tmpfs 挂载到 /tmp" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "By default, <filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> is created as a " "tmpfs. If this is not desired, it can be overridden by executing the " "following command:" msgstr "" "默认情况下，<filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> 将被挂载 tmpfs 文件" "系统。如果不希望这样，可以执行以下命令覆盖这一行为：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>ln -sfv /dev/null /etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>ln -sfv /dev/null /etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, if a a separate partition for <filename class=\"directory\">/" "tmp</filename> is desired, specify that partition in a <filename>/etc/fstab</" "filename> entry." msgstr "" "或者，如果希望使用一个单独的 <filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> 分" "区，在 <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 中为其添加一个条目。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><warning><para> msgid "" "Do not create the symbolic link above if a separate partition is used for " "<filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename>. This will prevent the root " "file system (/) from being remounted r/w and make the system unusable when " "booted." msgstr "" "如果使用了单独的 <filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> 分区，不要创建" "上面的符号链接。这会导致根文件系统 (/) 无法重新挂载为可读写，使得系统在引导后" "不可用。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Configuring Automatic File Creation and Deletion" msgstr "配置文件自动创建和删除" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "There are several services that create or delete files or directories:" msgstr "有一些创建或删除文件、目录的服务：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service" msgstr "systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service" msgstr "systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service" msgstr "systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The system location for the configuration files is <filename>/usr/lib/" "tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>. The local configuration files are in <filename " "class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename>. Files in <filename class=" "\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> override files with the same name " "in <filename class=\"directory\">/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename>. See " "<filename>tmpfiles.d(5)</filename> manual page for file format details." msgstr "" "它们的系统配置文件位于 <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>。本地" "配置文件位于 <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename>。" "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> 中的文件覆盖 " "<filename class=\"directory\">/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename> 中的同名文件。参" "阅 <filename>tmpfiles.d(5)</filename> man 手册页面，了解配置文件格式的细节。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "q /tmp 1777 root root 10d" msgstr "q /tmp 1777 root root 10d" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Note that the syntax for the <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename> " "files can be confusing. For example, the default deletion of files in the /" "tmp directory is located in <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf</" "filename> with the line: <placeholder type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/> The type " "field, q, discusses creating a subvolume with quotas which is really only " "applicable to btrfs filesystems. It references type v which in turn " "references type d (directory). This then creates the specified directory if " "is is not present and adjusts the permissions and ownership as specified. " "Contents of the directory will be subject to time based cleanup if the age " "argument is specified." msgstr "" "注意 <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename> 文件的语法较难理解。例" "如，删除 /tmp 目录下文件的默认规则是文件 <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp." "conf</filename> 的一行：<placeholder type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/> 类别字段 q 表" "示创建一个带有配额的子卷，它实际上只适用于 btrfs 文件系统。它引用类别 v，类" "别 v 又引用类别 d (目录)。对于类别 d，会在目录不存在时自动创建它，并根据配置" "文件调整其权限和所有者。如果 age 参数被指定，该目录中较老的文件会被自动清理。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -p /etc/tmpfiles.d\n" "cp /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf /etc/tmpfiles.d</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -p /etc/tmpfiles.d\n" "cp /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf /etc/tmpfiles.d</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If the default parameters are not desired, then the file should be copied to " "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> and edited as " "desired. For example: <placeholder type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "如果默认参数不符合您的期望，您可以将文件复制到 <filename class=\"directory" "\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> 目录，再编辑复制得到的副本。例如：<placeholder " "type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Overriding Default Services Behavior" msgstr "覆盖系统服务默认行为" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The parameters of a unit can be overriden by creating a directory and a " "configuration file in <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/systemd/system</" "filename>. For example:" msgstr "" "Systemd 单元的参数可以通过在 <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/systemd/" "system</filename> 中创建一个包含配置文件的目录而覆盖。例如：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/foobar.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "Restart=always\n" "RestartSec=30</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/foobar.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "Restart=always\n" "RestartSec=30</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "See <filename>systemd.unit(5)</filename> manual page for more information. " "After creating the configuration file, run <userinput>systemctl daemon-" "reload</userinput> and <userinput>systemctl restart foobar</userinput> to " "activate the changes to a service." msgstr "" "参阅 <filename>systemd.unit(5)</filename> man 手册页面获取更多信息。在创建配" "置文件后，执行 <userinput>systemctl daemon-reload</userinput> 和 " "<userinput>systemctl restart foobar</userinput>，激活对服务进行的修改。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Debugging the Boot Sequence" msgstr "调试引导过程" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Rather than plain shell scripts used in SysVinit or BSD style init systems, " "systemd uses a unified format for different types of startup files (or " "units). The command <command>systemctl</command> is used to enable, disable, " "control state, and obtain status of unit files. Here are some examples of " "frequently used commands:" msgstr "" "与 SysVinit 或 BSD 风格 init 系统不同，systemd 使用统一格式处理不同种类的引导" "文件 (或称为单元)。命令 <command>systemctl</command> 能够启用、禁用单元文件，" "或控制、查询单元文件的状态。以下是一些常用的命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><service></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: lists loaded unit files of type service." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><service></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: 列出已加载的服务 (service) 类型单元文件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><target></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: lists loaded unit files of type target." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><target></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: 列出已加载的引导目标 (target) 类型单元文件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl show -p Wants <replaceable><multi-user.target></" "replaceable></command>: shows all units that depend on the multi-user " "target. Targets are special unit files that are anogalous to runlevels under " "SysVinit." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl show -p Wants <replaceable><multi-user.target></" "replaceable></command>: 显示所有依赖于 multi-user 引导目标的单元，引导目标 " "(target)是一种和 SysVinit 中运行级别 (runlevel) 地位相同的特殊单元文件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl status <replaceable><servicename.service></" "replaceable></command>: shows the status of the servicename service. The ." "service extension can be omitted if there are no other unit files with the " "same name, such as .socket files (which create a listening socket that " "provides similar functionality to inetd/xinetd)." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl status <replaceable><servicename.service></" "replaceable></command>: 显示名为 servicename 的服务的状态。如果没有同名的其他" "类型单元文件，可以省略 .service 后缀。其他类型的单元文件有 .socket 文件 (它创" "建一个监听套接字，提供和 inetd/xinetd 类似的功能)。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Working with the Systemd Journal" msgstr "使用 systemd 日志" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Logging on a system booted with systemd is handled with systemd-journald (by " "default), rather than a typical unix syslog daemon. You can also add a " "normal syslog daemon and have both operate side by side if desired. The " "systemd-journald program stores journal entries in a binary format rather " "than a plain text log file. To assist with parsing the file, the command " "<command>journalctl</command> is provided. Here are some examples of " "frequently used commands:" msgstr "" "(默认情况下) 在使用 systemd 引导的系统上，systemd-journald 服务负责处理日志，" "它取代了传统的 Unix syslog 守护进程。如果您希望的话，也可以添加一个普通 " "syslog 守护进程，它和 systemd-journald 可以一起工作。systemd-journald 程序将" "日志项储存为二进制格式，而不是纯文本日志文件。为了解析日志文件，需要使用 " "systemd 提供的 <command>journalctl</command> 命令。下面是该命令的常见用法：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -r</command>: shows all contents of the journal in " "reverse chronological order." msgstr "<command>journalctl -r</command>：按时间顺序，倒序显示所有日志内容。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -u <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command>: shows the " "journal entries associated with the specified UNIT file." msgstr "" "<command>journalctl -u <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command>: 显示与给定" "单元文件 UNIT 关联的日志。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -b[=ID] -r</command>: shows the journal entries since " "last successful boot (or for boot ID) in reverse chronological order." msgstr "" "<command>journalctl -b[=ID] -r</command>: 按时间倒序，显示自上次引导以来 (或" "编号为 ID 的引导中) 的所有日志。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -f</command>: provides functionality similar to tail -f " "(follow)." msgstr "" "<command>journalctl -f</command>: 提供类似 tail -f 的功能 (不断将新日志项输出" "到屏幕)。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Working with Core Dumps" msgstr "处理核心转储" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Core dumps are useful to debug crashed programs, especially when a daemon " "process crashes. On systemd booted systems the core dumping is handled by " "<command>systemd-coredump</command>. It will log the core dump in the " "journal and store the core dump itself in <filename class=\"directory\">/var/" "lib/systemd/coredump</filename>. To retrieve and process core dumps, the " "<command>coredumpctl</command> tool is provided. Here are some examples of " "frequently used commands:" msgstr "" "核心转储在调试崩溃的程序时非常有用，特别是对于守护进程崩溃的情况。在 systemd " "引导的系统上，核心转储由 <command>systemd-coredump</command> 处理。它会在日志" "中记录核心转储，并且将核心转储文件本身存储到 <filename class=\"directory\">/" "var/lib/systemd/coredump</filename> 中。如果要获取和处理核心转储文件，可以使" "用 <command>coredumpctl</command> 工具。下面给出它的常用命令的示例：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>coredumpctl -r</command>: lists all core dumps in reverse " "chronological order." msgstr "" "<command>coredumpctl -r</command>：按时间顺序，倒序显示所有核心转储记录。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>coredumpctl -1 info</command>: shows the information from the last " "core dump." msgstr "<command>coredumpctl -1 info</command>：显示最近一次核心转储的信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>coredumpctl -1 debug</command>: loads the last core dump into " "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;general/gdb.html\">GDB</ulink>." msgstr "" "<command>coredumpctl -1 debug</command>：将最后一次核心转储加载到 <ulink url=" "\"&blfs-book;general/gdb.html\">GDB</ulink> 中。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Core dumps may use a lot of disk space. The maximum disk space used by core " "dumps can be limited by creating a configuration file in <filename class=" "\"directory\">/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d</filename>. For example:" msgstr "" "核心转储可能使用大量磁盘空间。为了限制核心转储使用的最大磁盘空间，可以在 " "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d</filename> 中创建" "一个配置文件。例如：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/maxuse.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Coredump]\n" "MaxUse=5G</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/maxuse.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Coredump]\n" "MaxUse=5G</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "See the <filename>systemd-coredump(8)</filename>, <filename>coredumpctl(1)</" "filename>, and <filename>coredump.conf.d(5)</filename> manual pages for more " "information." msgstr "" "参阅 man 手册页面 <filename>systemd-coredump(8)</filename>，" "<filename>coredumpctl(1)</filename>，以及 <filename>coredump.conf.d(5)</" "filename> 了解更多信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Long Running Processes" msgstr "持续运行进程" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Beginning with systemd-230, all user processes are killed when a user " "session is ended, even if nohup is used, or the process uses the " "<function>daemon()</function> or <function>setsid()</function> functions. " "This is a deliberate change from a historically permissive environment to a " "more restrictive one. The new behavior may cause issues if you depend on " "long running programs (e.g., <command>screen</command> or <command>tmux</" "command>) to remain active after ending your user session. There are three " "ways to enable lingering processes to remain after a user session is ended." msgstr "" "从 systemd 的 230 版本开始，在用户会话结束时，所有用户进程都被杀死，即使使用" "了 nohup 或 <function>daemon()</function> 、<function>setsid</function> 等函" "数也不例外。这是开发者有意做出的修改，将传统的宽松环境改为更加严格的环境。如" "果您需要让持续运行的程序 (例如 <command>screen</command> 或 <command>tmux</" "command>) 在用户会话结束后保持运行，这项新的行为会导致问题。有三种方法使得这" "类驻留进程在用户会话结束后继续运行：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Enable process lingering for only selected users</emphasis>: " "Normal users have permission to enable process lingering with the command " "<command>loginctl enable-linger</command> for their own user. System " "administrators can use the same command with a <parameter>user</parameter> " "argument to enable for a user. That user can then use the <command>systemd-" "run</command> command to start long running processes. For example: " "<command>systemd-run --scope --user /usr/bin/screen</command>. If you enable " "lingering for your user, the user@.service will remain even after all login " "sessions are closed, and will automatically start at system boot. This has " "the advantage of explicitly allowing and disallowing processes to run after " "the user session has ended, but breaks backwards compatibility with tools " "like <command>nohup</command> and utilities that use <function>daemon()</" "function>." msgstr "" "<emphasis>仅为选定的用户启用进程驻留</emphasis>：普通用户有执行命令 " "<command>loginctl enable-linger</command> 启用进程驻留的权限，管理员可以使用" "带 <parameter>user</parameter> 参数的该命令，为特定用户启用进程驻留。在启用进" "程驻留后，可以使用 <command>systemd-run</command> 命令启动持续运行的进程。例" "如，<command>systemd-run --scope --user /usr/bin/screen</command>。如果您为您" "的用户启用了进程驻留，则 user@.service 将持续运行，甚至在所有登录会话关闭后仍" "然运行，而且会在系统引导时自动启动。这种方法的好处是可以显式地允许或禁止进程" "在用户会话结束后继续运行，但却破坏了和 <command>nohup</command> 等工具，和使" "用 <function>daemon()</function> 函数的工具的兼容性。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Enable system-wide process lingering</emphasis>: You can set " "<parameter>KillUserProcesses=no</parameter> in <filename>/etc/systemd/logind." "conf</filename> to enable process lingering globally for all users. This has " "the benefit of leaving the old method available to all users at the expense " "of explicit control." msgstr "" "<emphasis>为整个系统启用进程驻留</emphasis>：您可以在将" "<parameter>KillUserProcesses=no</parameter> 设置行加入 <filename>/etc/" "systemd/logind.conf</filename>，为所有用户全局地启用进程驻留。它的好处是允许" "所有用户继续使用旧方法，但无法进行明确控制。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Disable at build-time</emphasis>: You can disable lingering by " "default while building systemd by adding the switch <parameter>-Ddefault-" "kill-user-processes=false</parameter> to the <command>meson</command> " "command for systemd. This completely disables the ability of systemd to kill " "user processes at session end." msgstr "" "<emphasis>在编译时禁用该功能</emphasis>：您可以在构建 systemd 时传递参数 " "<parameter>-Ddefault-kill-user-process=no</parameter> 给 <command>meson</" "command>，使得 systemd 默认启用进程驻留。这完全禁用了 systemd 在会话结束时杀" "死用户进程的功能。"

msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2020-08-08 19:28+0800\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: zh_CN\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "X-Generator: Translate Toolkit 2.2.5\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Systemd Usage and Configuration" msgstr "Systemd 使用和配置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Systemd Customization" msgstr "Systemd 自定义设置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Basic Configuration" msgstr "基础设置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The <filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> file contains a set of " "options to control basic systemd operations. The default file has all " "entries commented out with the default settings indicated. This file is " "where the log level may be changed as well as some basic logging settings. " "See the <filename>systemd-system.conf(5)</filename> manual page for details " "on each configuration option." msgstr "" "<filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> 文件包含一组控制 systemd 基本功" "能的选项。默认文件中所有条目都被注释掉，并标明了默认值。可以在这里修改日志级" "别，以及其他一些基本日志设定。参阅 <filename>systemd-system.conf(5)</" "filename> man 手册页面了解每个选项的详细信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Disabling Screen Clearing at Boot Time" msgstr "禁用引导时自动清屏" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The normal behavior for systemd is to clear the screen at the end of the " "boot sequence. If desired, this behavior may be changed by running the " "following command:" msgstr "" "Systemd 的默认行为是在引导过程结束时清除屏幕。如果希望的话，您可以运行以下命" "令，修改这一行为：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/noclear.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "TTYVTDisallocate=no</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/noclear.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "TTYVTDisallocate=no</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The boot messages can always be reviewed by using the <userinput>journalctl -" "b</userinput> command as the root user." msgstr "" "您总是可以用 root 身份运行 <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> 命令，查阅引" "导消息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Disabling tmpfs for /tmp" msgstr "禁止将 tmpfs 挂载到 /tmp" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "By default, <filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> is created as a " "tmpfs. If this is not desired, it can be overridden by executing the " "following command:" msgstr "" "默认情况下，<filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> 将被挂载 tmpfs 文件" "系统。如果不希望这样，可以执行以下命令覆盖这一行为：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>ln -sfv /dev/null /etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>ln -sfv /dev/null /etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, if a a separate partition for <filename class=\"directory\">/" "tmp</filename> is desired, specify that partition in a <filename>/etc/fstab</" "filename> entry." msgstr "" "或者，如果希望使用一个单独的 <filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> 分" "区，在 <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 中为其添加一个条目。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><warning><para> msgid "" "Do not create the symbolic link above if a separate partition is used for " "<filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename>. This will prevent the root " "file system (/) from being remounted r/w and make the system unusable when " "booted." msgstr "" "如果使用了单独的 <filename class=\"directory\">/tmp</filename> 分区，不要创建" "上面的符号链接。这会导致根文件系统 (/) 无法重新挂载为可读写，使得系统在引导后" "不可用。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Configuring Automatic File Creation and Deletion" msgstr "配置文件自动创建和删除" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "There are several services that create or delete files or directories:" msgstr "有一些创建或删除文件、目录的服务：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service" msgstr "systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service" msgstr "systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service" msgstr "systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The system location for the configuration files is <filename>/usr/lib/" "tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>. The local configuration files are in <filename " "class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename>. Files in <filename class=" "\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> override files with the same name " "in <filename class=\"directory\">/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename>. See " "<filename>tmpfiles.d(5)</filename> manual page for file format details." msgstr "" "它们的系统配置文件位于 <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>。本地" "配置文件位于 <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename>。" "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> 中的文件覆盖 " "<filename class=\"directory\">/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename> 中的同名文件。参" "阅 <filename>tmpfiles.d(5)</filename> man 手册页面，了解配置文件格式的细节。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "q /tmp 1777 root root 10d" msgstr "q /tmp 1777 root root 10d" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Note that the syntax for the <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename> " "files can be confusing. For example, the default deletion of files in the /" "tmp directory is located in <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf</" "filename> with the line: <placeholder type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/> The type " "field, q, discusses creating a subvolume with quotas which is really only " "applicable to btrfs filesystems. It references type v which in turn " "references type d (directory). This then creates the specified directory if " "is is not present and adjusts the permissions and ownership as specified. " "Contents of the directory will be subject to time based cleanup if the age " "argument is specified." msgstr "" "注意 <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename> 文件的语法较难理解。例" "如，删除 /tmp 目录下文件的默认规则是文件 <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp." "conf</filename> 的一行：<placeholder type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/> 类别字段 q 表" "示创建一个带有配额的子卷，它实际上只适用于 btrfs 文件系统。它引用类别 v，类" "别 v 又引用类别 d (目录)。对于类别 d，会在目录不存在时自动创建它，并根据配置" "文件调整其权限和所有者。如果 age 参数被指定，该目录中较老的文件会被自动清理。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -p /etc/tmpfiles.d\n" "cp /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf /etc/tmpfiles.d</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -p /etc/tmpfiles.d\n" "cp /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf /etc/tmpfiles.d</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If the default parameters are not desired, then the file should be copied to " "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> and edited as " "desired. For example: <placeholder type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "如果默认参数不符合您的期望，您可以将文件复制到 <filename class=\"directory" "\">/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> 目录，再编辑复制得到的副本。例如：<placeholder " "type=\"screen\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Overriding Default Services Behavior" msgstr "覆盖系统服务默认行为" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The parameters of a unit can be overriden by creating a directory and a " "configuration file in <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/systemd/system</" "filename>. For example:" msgstr "" "Systemd 单元的参数可以通过在 <filename class=\"directory\">/etc/systemd/" "system</filename> 中创建一个包含配置文件的目录而覆盖。例如：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/foobar.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "Restart=always\n" "RestartSec=30</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/foobar.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Service]\n" "Restart=always\n" "RestartSec=30</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "See <filename>systemd.unit(5)</filename> manual page for more information. " "After creating the configuration file, run <userinput>systemctl daemon-" "reload</userinput> and <userinput>systemctl restart foobar</userinput> to " "activate the changes to a service." msgstr "" "参阅 <filename>systemd.unit(5)</filename> man 手册页面获取更多信息。在创建配" "置文件后，执行 <userinput>systemctl daemon-reload</userinput> 和 " "<userinput>systemctl restart foobar</userinput>，激活对服务进行的修改。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Debugging the Boot Sequence" msgstr "调试引导过程" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Rather than plain shell scripts used in SysVinit or BSD style init systems, " "systemd uses a unified format for different types of startup files (or " "units). The command <command>systemctl</command> is used to enable, disable, " "control state, and obtain status of unit files. Here are some examples of " "frequently used commands:" msgstr "" "与 SysVinit 或 BSD 风格 init 系统不同，systemd 使用统一格式处理不同种类的引导" "文件 (或称为单元)。命令 <command>systemctl</command> 能够启用、禁用单元文件，" "或控制、查询单元文件的状态。以下是一些常用的命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><service></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: lists loaded unit files of type service." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><service></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: 列出已加载的服务 (service) 类型单元文件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><target></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: lists loaded unit files of type target." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl list-units -t <replaceable><target></replaceable> " "[--all]</command>: 列出已加载的引导目标 (target) 类型单元文件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl show -p Wants <replaceable><multi-user.target></" "replaceable></command>: shows all units that depend on the multi-user " "target. Targets are special unit files that are anogalous to runlevels under " "SysVinit." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl show -p Wants <replaceable><multi-user.target></" "replaceable></command>: 显示所有依赖于 multi-user 引导目标的单元，引导目标 " "(target)是一种和 SysVinit 中运行级别 (runlevel) 地位相同的特殊单元文件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>systemctl status <replaceable><servicename.service></" "replaceable></command>: shows the status of the servicename service. The ." "service extension can be omitted if there are no other unit files with the " "same name, such as .socket files (which create a listening socket that " "provides similar functionality to inetd/xinetd)." msgstr "" "<command>systemctl status <replaceable><servicename.service></" "replaceable></command>: 显示名为 servicename 的服务的状态。如果没有同名的其他" "类型单元文件，可以省略 .service 后缀。其他类型的单元文件有 .socket 文件 (它创" "建一个监听套接字，提供和 inetd/xinetd 类似的功能)。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Working with the Systemd Journal" msgstr "使用 systemd 日志" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Logging on a system booted with systemd is handled with systemd-journald (by " "default), rather than a typical unix syslog daemon. You can also add a " "normal syslog daemon and have both operate side by side if desired. The " "systemd-journald program stores journal entries in a binary format rather " "than a plain text log file. To assist with parsing the file, the command " "<command>journalctl</command> is provided. Here are some examples of " "frequently used commands:" msgstr "" "(默认情况下) 在使用 systemd 引导的系统上，systemd-journald 服务负责处理日志，" "它取代了传统的 Unix syslog 守护进程。如果您希望的话，也可以添加一个普通 " "syslog 守护进程，它和 systemd-journald 可以一起工作。systemd-journald 程序将" "日志项储存为二进制格式，而不是纯文本日志文件。为了解析日志文件，需要使用 " "systemd 提供的 <command>journalctl</command> 命令。下面是该命令的常见用法：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -r</command>: shows all contents of the journal in " "reverse chronological order." msgstr "<command>journalctl -r</command>：按时间顺序，倒序显示所有日志内容。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -u <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command>: shows the " "journal entries associated with the specified UNIT file." msgstr "" "<command>journalctl -u <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command>: 显示与给定" "单元文件 UNIT 关联的日志。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -b[=ID] -r</command>: shows the journal entries since " "last successful boot (or for boot ID) in reverse chronological order." msgstr "" "<command>journalctl -b[=ID] -r</command>: 按时间倒序，显示自上次引导以来 (或" "编号为 ID 的引导中) 的所有日志。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>journalctl -f</command>: provides functionality similar to tail -f " "(follow)." msgstr "" "<command>journalctl -f</command>: 提供类似 tail -f 的功能 (不断将新日志项输出" "到屏幕)。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Working with Core Dumps" msgstr "处理核心转储" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Core dumps are useful to debug crashed programs, especially when a daemon " "process crashes. On systemd booted systems the core dumping is handled by " "<command>systemd-coredump</command>. It will log the core dump in the " "journal and store the core dump itself in <filename class=\"directory\">/var/" "lib/systemd/coredump</filename>. To retrieve and process core dumps, the " "<command>coredumpctl</command> tool is provided. Here are some examples of " "frequently used commands:" msgstr "" "核心转储在调试崩溃的程序时非常有用，特别是对于守护进程崩溃的情况。在 systemd " "引导的系统上，核心转储由 <command>systemd-coredump</command> 处理。它会在日志" "中记录核心转储，并且将核心转储文件本身存储到 <filename class=\"directory\">/" "var/lib/systemd/coredump</filename> 中。如果要获取和处理核心转储文件，可以使" "用 <command>coredumpctl</command> 工具。下面给出它的常用命令的示例：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>coredumpctl -r</command>: lists all core dumps in reverse " "chronological order." msgstr "" "<command>coredumpctl -r</command>：按时间顺序，倒序显示所有核心转储记录。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>coredumpctl -1 info</command>: shows the information from the last " "core dump." msgstr "<command>coredumpctl -1 info</command>：显示最近一次核心转储的信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<command>coredumpctl -1 debug</command>: loads the last core dump into " "<ulink url=\"&blfs-book;general/gdb.html\">GDB</ulink>." msgstr "" "<command>coredumpctl -1 debug</command>：将最后一次核心转储加载到 <ulink url=" "\"&blfs-book;general/gdb.html\">GDB</ulink> 中。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Core dumps may use a lot of disk space. The maximum disk space used by core " "dumps can be limited by creating a configuration file in <filename class=" "\"directory\">/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d</filename>. For example:" msgstr "" "核心转储可能使用大量磁盘空间。为了限制核心转储使用的最大磁盘空间，可以在 " "<filename class=\"directory\">/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d</filename> 中创建" "一个配置文件。例如：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/maxuse.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Coredump]\n" "MaxUse=5G</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d\n" "\n" "cat > /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/maxuse.conf << EOF\n" "<literal>[Coredump]\n" "MaxUse=5G</literal>\n" "EOF</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "See the <filename>systemd-coredump(8)</filename>, <filename>coredumpctl(1)</" "filename>, and <filename>coredump.conf.d(5)</filename> manual pages for more " "information." msgstr "" "参阅 man 手册页面 <filename>systemd-coredump(8)</filename>，" "<filename>coredumpctl(1)</filename>，以及 <filename>coredump.conf.d(5)</" "filename> 了解更多信息。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Long Running Processes" msgstr "持续运行进程" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Beginning with systemd-230, all user processes are killed when a user " "session is ended, even if nohup is used, or the process uses the " "<function>daemon()</function> or <function>setsid()</function> functions. " "This is a deliberate change from a historically permissive environment to a " "more restrictive one. The new behavior may cause issues if you depend on " "long running programs (e.g., <command>screen</command> or <command>tmux</" "command>) to remain active after ending your user session. There are three " "ways to enable lingering processes to remain after a user session is ended." msgstr "" "从 systemd 的 230 版本开始，在用户会话结束时，所有用户进程都被杀死，即使使用" "了 nohup 或 <function>daemon()</function> 、<function>setsid</function> 等函" "数也不例外。这是开发者有意做出的修改，将传统的宽松环境改为更加严格的环境。如" "果您需要让持续运行的程序 (例如 <command>screen</command> 或 <command>tmux</" "command>) 在用户会话结束后保持运行，这项新的行为会导致问题。有三种方法使得这" "类驻留进程在用户会话结束后继续运行：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Enable process lingering for only selected users</emphasis>: " "Normal users have permission to enable process lingering with the command " "<command>loginctl enable-linger</command> for their own user. System " "administrators can use the same command with a <parameter>user</parameter> " "argument to enable for a user. That user can then use the <command>systemd-" "run</command> command to start long running processes. For example: " "<command>systemd-run --scope --user /usr/bin/screen</command>. If you enable " "lingering for your user, the user@.service will remain even after all login " "sessions are closed, and will automatically start at system boot. This has " "the advantage of explicitly allowing and disallowing processes to run after " "the user session has ended, but breaks backwards compatibility with tools " "like <command>nohup</command> and utilities that use <function>daemon()</" "function>." msgstr "" "<emphasis>仅为选定的用户启用进程驻留</emphasis>：普通用户有执行命令 " "<command>loginctl enable-linger</command> 启用进程驻留的权限，管理员可以使用" "带 <parameter>user</parameter> 参数的该命令，为特定用户启用进程驻留。在启用进" "程驻留后，可以使用 <command>systemd-run</command> 命令启动持续运行的进程。例" "如，<command>systemd-run --scope --user /usr/bin/screen</command>。如果您为您" "的用户启用了进程驻留，则 user@.service 将持续运行，甚至在所有登录会话关闭后仍" "然运行，而且会在系统引导时自动启动。这种方法的好处是可以显式地允许或禁止进程" "在用户会话结束后继续运行，但却破坏了和 <command>nohup</command> 等工具，和使" "用 <function>daemon()</function> 函数的工具的兼容性。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Enable system-wide process lingering</emphasis>: You can set " "<parameter>KillUserProcesses=no</parameter> in <filename>/etc/systemd/logind." "conf</filename> to enable process lingering globally for all users. This has " "the benefit of leaving the old method available to all users at the expense " "of explicit control." msgstr "" "<emphasis>为整个系统启用进程驻留</emphasis>：您可以在将" "<parameter>KillUserProcesses=no</parameter> 设置行加入 <filename>/etc/" "systemd/logind.conf</filename>，为所有用户全局地启用进程驻留。它的好处是允许" "所有用户继续使用旧方法，但无法进行明确控制。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Disable at build-time</emphasis>: You can disable lingering by " "default while building systemd by adding the switch <parameter>-Ddefault-" "kill-user-processes=false</parameter> to the <command>meson</command> " "command for systemd. This completely disables the ability of systemd to kill " "user processes at session end." msgstr "" "<emphasis>在编译时禁用该功能</emphasis>：您可以在构建 systemd 时传递参数 " "<parameter>-Ddefault-kill-user-process=no</parameter> 给 <command>meson</" "command>，使得 systemd 默认启用进程驻留。这完全禁用了 systemd 在会话结束时杀" "死用户进程的功能。"