msgid "Shadow-&shadow-version;" msgstr "Shadow-&shadow-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> msgid "Shadow" msgstr "Shadow" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way." msgstr "Shadow 软件包包含安全地处理密码的程序。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&buildtime;" msgstr "&buildtime;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&diskspace;" msgstr "&diskspace;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&shadow-fin-sbu;" msgstr "&shadow-fin-sbu;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&shadow-fin-du;" msgstr "&shadow-fin-du;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Installation of Shadow" msgstr "安装 Shadow" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer to <ulink " "url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/cracklib.html\"/> for installing CrackLib prior to " "building Shadow. Then add <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the " "<command>configure</command> command below." msgstr "" "如果您希望强制使用强密码，参考 <ulink url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/cracklib.html" "\"/> 以在构建 Shadow 前安装 CrackLib。然后，将 <parameter>--with-libcrack</" "parameter> 添加到下面的 <command>configure</command> 命令中。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> program and its " "man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also, prevent the " "installation of manual pages that were already installed in <xref linkend=" "\"ch-system-man-pages\"/>:" msgstr "" "禁止该软件包安装 <command>groups</command> 程序和它的 man 页面，因为 " "Coreutils 会提供更好的版本。同样，避免安装<xref linkend=\"ch-system-man-pages" "\"/>软件包已经提供的 man 页面：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\\.1 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\\.3 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\\.5 / /' {} \\;</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\\.1 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\\.3 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\\.5 / /' {} \\;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Instead of using the default <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more " "secure <emphasis>SHA-512</emphasis> method of password encryption, which " "also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to " "change the obsolete <filename class=\"directory\">/var/spool/mail</filename> " "location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename " "class=\"directory\">/var/mail</filename> location used currently:" msgstr "" "不使用默认的 <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> 加密方法，使用更安全的 " "<emphasis>SHA-512</emphasis> 方法加密密码，该方法也允许长度超过 8 个字符的密" "码。另外，还需要把过时的用户邮箱位置 <filename class=\"directory\">/var/" "spool/mail</filename> 改为当前普遍使用的 <filename class=\"directory\">/var/" "mail</filename> 目录：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512:' \\\n" " -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:' \\\n" " -i etc/login.defs</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512:' \\\n" " -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:' \\\n" " -i etc/login.defs</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following:" msgstr "如果您选择构建有 Cracklib 支持的 Shadow，执行以下命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Make a minor change to make the first group number generated by useradd 1000:" msgstr "进行微小的改动，使 useradd 使用 1000 作为第一个组编号：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Prepare Shadow for compilation:" msgstr "准备编译 Shadow：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"configure\">touch /usr/bin/passwd\n" "./configure --sysconfdir=/etc \\\n" " --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"configure\">touch /usr/bin/passwd\n" "./configure --sysconfdir=/etc \\\n" " --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "The meaning of the configure option:" msgstr "配置选项的含义：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>touch /usr/bin/passwd</command>" msgstr "<command>touch /usr/bin/passwd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "The file <filename>/usr/bin/passwd</filename> needs to exist because its " "location is harcoded in some programs, and the default location if it does " "not exist is not right." msgstr "" "我们需要保证 <filename>/usr/bin/passwd</filename> 存在，因为它的位置会被硬编" "码到一些程序中，如果它不存在的话，会使用错误的默认位置。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>--with-group-name-max-length=32</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>--with-group-name-max-length=32</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum group name the " "same." msgstr "最长用户名可以有 32 个字符。设定组名称最大长度为相同值。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Compile the package:" msgstr "编译该软件包：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "This package does not come with a test suite." msgstr "该软件包不包含测试套件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Install the package:" msgstr "安装该软件包：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">make install</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">make install</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Configuring Shadow" msgstr "配置 Shadow" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><secondary> msgid "configuring" msgstr "配置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and groups; " "set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative tasks. For " "a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> means, " "see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source tree. " "If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to verify " "passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be " "Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed " "passwords." msgstr "" "该软件包包含用于添加、修改、删除用户和组，设定和修改它们的密码，以及进行其他" "管理任务的工具。如果希望查阅关于 <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> 的详" "细解释，阅读解压得到源代码目录树中的 <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> 文件。如" "果使用 Shadow 支持，请注意所有需要验证密码的程序 (如显示管理器、FTP 程序、" "pop3 守护进程等) 都必须和 Shadow 兼容。换句话说，它们必须能使用 Shadow 加密" "的密码。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:" msgstr "如果要对用户密码启用 Shadow 加密，执行以下命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>pwconv</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>pwconv</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "To enable shadowed group passwords, run:" msgstr "如果要对组密码启用 Shadow 加密，执行：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>grpconv</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>grpconv</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Shadow's stock configuration for the <command>useradd</command> utility has " "a few caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action for the " "<command>useradd</command> utility is to create the user and a group of the " "same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) " "numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass parameters to " "<command>useradd</command>, each user will be a member of a unique group on " "the system. If this behavior is undesirable, you'll need to pass the " "<parameter>-g</parameter> parameter to <command>useradd</command>. The " "default parameters are stored in the <filename>/etc/default/useradd</" "filename> file. You may need to modify two parameters in this file to suit " "your particular needs." msgstr "" "Shadow 附带的 <command>useradd</command> 配置文件有一些需要解释的事项。首先，" "<command>useradd</command> 的默认操作是创建一个用户，以及一个名字和用户名相同" "的组。默认情况下，用户 ID (UID) 和组 ID (GID) 会从 1000 开始。这意味着，如果" "您不向 <command>useradd</command> 传递参数，每个用户都会属于一个不同的组。如" "果您不希望这样，就要传递 <parameter>-g</parameter> 参数给 <command>useradd</" "command>。默认参数保存在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 文件中。您" "可以编辑其中的两个参数，以满足您的特定需求。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> Parameter Explanations" msgstr "<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 参数解释" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>GROUP=1000</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>GROUP=1000</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in the /etc/" "group file. You can modify it to anything you desire. Note that " "<command>useradd</command> will never reuse a UID or GID. If the number " "identified in this parameter is used, it will use the next available number " "after this. Note also that if you don't have a group 1000 on your system the " "first time you use <command>useradd</command> without the <parameter>-g</" "parameter> parameter, you'll get a message displayed on the terminal that " "says: <computeroutput>useradd: unknown GID 1000</computeroutput>. You may " "disregard this message and group number 1000 will be used." msgstr "" "该参数设定 /etc/group 文件中使用的第一个组编号。您可以将它修改为您希望的任何" "值。注意，<command>useradd</command> 绝不会重用 UID 或 GID。如果该参数指定的" "数字已经被使用了，它就会使用下一个可用的数字。另外，如果您第一次使用 " "<command>useradd</command> 时没有编号 1000 的组，也没有使用 <parameter>-g</" "parameter> 选项，您就会在终端看到一条消息：<computeroutput>useradd: unknown " "GID 1000</computeroutput>。您可以忽略这条消息，它会使用组编号 1000。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This parameter causes <command>useradd</command> to create a mailbox file " "for the newly created user. <command>useradd</command> will make the group " "ownership of this file to the <systemitem class=\"groupname\">mail</" "systemitem> group with 0660 permissions. If you would prefer that these " "mailbox files are not created by <command>useradd</command>, issue the " "following command:" msgstr "" "该参数使得 <command>useradd</command> 为新创建的用户建立邮箱文件。" "<command>useradd</command> 会使得 <systemitem class=\"groupname\">mail</" "systemitem> 为邮箱文件属组，并为邮箱文件赋予 0660 权限码。如果您不希望 " "<command>useradd</command> 创建这些邮箱文件，执行以下命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Setting the root password" msgstr "设定 root 密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Choose a password for user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and set it by running:" msgstr "为用户 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 选择一个密码，并执行以下命令设定它：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>passwd root</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>passwd root</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Contents of Shadow" msgstr "Shadow 的内容" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed programs" msgstr "安装的程序" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed directory" msgstr "安装的目录" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "" "chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, " "groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, " "logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, " "pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr " "(link to vipw), and vipw" msgstr "" "chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, " "groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, " "logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, " "pwconv, pwunconv, sg (到 newgrp 的链接), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr " "(到 vipw 的链接), 以及 vipw" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "/etc/default" msgstr "/etc/default" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><bridgehead> msgid "Short Descriptions" msgstr "简要描述" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist> msgid "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" msgstr "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chage</command>" msgstr "<command>chage</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory password changes" msgstr "用于修改强制性密码更新的最大天数" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chage" msgstr "chage" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chfn</command>" msgstr "<command>chfn</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to change a user's full name and other information" msgstr "用于修改用户全名和其他信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chfn" msgstr "chfn" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chgpasswd</command>" msgstr "<command>chgpasswd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to update group passwords in batch mode" msgstr "用于批量更新组密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chgpasswd" msgstr "chgpasswd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chpasswd</command>" msgstr "<command>chpasswd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to update user passwords in batch mode" msgstr "用于批量更新用户密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chpasswd" msgstr "chpasswd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chsh</command>" msgstr "<command>chsh</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to change a user's default login shell" msgstr "用于改变用户的默认登录 shell" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chsh" msgstr "chsh" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>expiry</command>" msgstr "<command>expiry</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy" msgstr "检查并强制保证当前密码过期策略" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "expiry" msgstr "expiry" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>faillog</command>" msgstr "<command>faillog</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of " "failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count" msgstr "检查失败登录日志，设定锁定账户的最大失败次数，或重置失败次数" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "faillog" msgstr "faillog" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>gpasswd</command>" msgstr "<command>gpasswd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups" msgstr "用于增加或删除组的用户和管理员" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "gpasswd" msgstr "gpasswd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupadd</command>" msgstr "<command>groupadd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Creates a group with the given name" msgstr "以指定名称创建组" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupadd" msgstr "groupadd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupdel</command>" msgstr "<command>groupdel</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Deletes the group with the given name" msgstr "删除指定的组" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupdel" msgstr "groupdel" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupmems</command>" msgstr "<command>groupmems</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list without the " "requirement of super user privileges." msgstr "允许用户在不需要超级用户权限的情况下，管理自己的组成员列表" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupmems" msgstr "groupmems" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupmod</command>" msgstr "<command>groupmod</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to modify the given group's name or GID" msgstr "用于修改给定的组名称或 GID" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupmod" msgstr "groupmod" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>grpck</command>" msgstr "<command>grpck</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Verifies the integrity of the group files <filename>/etc/group</filename> " "and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>" msgstr "" "验证组文件 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/gshadow</" "filename> 的完整性" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "grpck" msgstr "grpck" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>grpconv</command>" msgstr "<command>grpconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file" msgstr "根据普通组文件创建或更新加密组文件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "grpconv" msgstr "grpconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>grpunconv</command>" msgstr "<command>grpunconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from <filename>/etc/gshadow</" "filename> and then deletes the latter" msgstr "" "根据 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> 文件更新 <filename>/etc/group</" "filename> 文件，并删除前者" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "grpunconv" msgstr "grpunconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>lastlog</command>" msgstr "<command>lastlog</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user" msgstr "报告所有用户或给定用户最后一次登录的信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "lastlog" msgstr "lastlog" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>login</command>" msgstr "<command>login</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used by the system to let users sign on" msgstr "被系统用于允许用户登录" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "login" msgstr "login" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>logoutd</command>" msgstr "<command>logoutd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports" msgstr "是一个限制登录时间和端口的守护进程" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "logoutd" msgstr "logoutd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newgidmap</command>" msgstr "<command>newgidmap</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace" msgstr "用于设定用户命名空间的 gid 映射" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newgidmap" msgstr "newgidmap" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newgrp</command>" msgstr "<command>newgrp</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to change the current GID during a login session" msgstr "用于在登录会话中修改当前 GID" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newgrp" msgstr "newgrp" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newuidmap</command>" msgstr "<command>newuidmap</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace" msgstr "用于设定用户命名空间的 uid 映射" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newuidmap" msgstr "newuidmap" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newusers</command>" msgstr "<command>newusers</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts" msgstr "用于批量创建或更新用户账户" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newusers" msgstr "newusers" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>nologin</command>" msgstr "<command>nologin</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Displays a message that an account is not available; it is designed to be " "used as the default shell for accounts that have been disabled" msgstr "显示一条账户不可用的消息；它被设计为用来当作被禁用的账户的默认 shell" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "nologin" msgstr "nologin" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>passwd</command>" msgstr "<command>passwd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to change the password for a user or group account" msgstr "用于修改用户或组账户的密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "passwd" msgstr "passwd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>pwck</command>" msgstr "<command>pwck</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Verifies the integrity of the password files <filename>/etc/passwd</" "filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>" msgstr "" "检验密码文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/shadow</" "filename> 的完整性" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "pwck" msgstr "pwck" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>pwconv</command>" msgstr "<command>pwconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal password file" msgstr "从普通密码文件创建或更新加密密码文件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "pwconv" msgstr "pwconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>pwunconv</command>" msgstr "<command>pwunconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from <filename>/etc/shadow</" "filename> and then deletes the latter" msgstr "" "根据 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 更新 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> " "并删除前者" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "pwunconv" msgstr "pwunconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>sg</command>" msgstr "<command>sg</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Executes a given command while the user's GID is set to that of the given " "group" msgstr "在用户 GID 设为给定组 ID 的情况下，执行给定命令" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "sg" msgstr "sg" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>su</command>" msgstr "<command>su</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs" msgstr "用替换的用户和组 ID 运行 shell" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "su" msgstr "su" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>useradd</command>" msgstr "<command>useradd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default new-user " "information" msgstr "以指定名称创建新用户，或更新新用户默认信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "useradd" msgstr "useradd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>userdel</command>" msgstr "<command>userdel</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Deletes the given user account" msgstr "删除给定用户" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "userdel" msgstr "userdel" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>usermod</command>" msgstr "<command>usermod</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Is used to modify the given user's login name, User Identification (UID), " "shell, initial group, home directory, etc." msgstr "" "修改给定用户的登录名称、用户标识符 (UID)、shell、初始组、home 目录等信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "usermod" msgstr "usermod" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>vigr</command>" msgstr "<command>vigr</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or <filename>/etc/gshadow</" "filename> files" msgstr "" "编辑 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 或 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> 文" "件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "vigr" msgstr "vigr" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>vipw</command>" msgstr "<command>vipw</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or <filename>/etc/shadow</" "filename> files" msgstr "" "编辑 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 或 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 文" "件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "vipw" msgstr "vipw"

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#, no-wrap msgid "&shadow-url;" msgstr "&shadow-url;" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "shadow &shadow-version; " msgstr "" "shadow &shadow-version; " #. type: Content of: msgid "Shadow-&shadow-version;" msgstr "Shadow-&shadow-version;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> msgid "Shadow" msgstr "Shadow" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way." msgstr "Shadow 软件包包含安全地处理密码的程序。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&buildtime;" msgstr "&buildtime;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "&diskspace;" msgstr "&diskspace;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&shadow-fin-sbu;" msgstr "&shadow-fin-sbu;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "&shadow-fin-du;" msgstr "&shadow-fin-du;" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Installation of Shadow" msgstr "安装 Shadow" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "" "If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer to <ulink " "url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/cracklib.html\"/> for installing CrackLib prior to " "building Shadow. Then add <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the " "<command>configure</command> command below." msgstr "" "如果您希望强制使用强密码，参考 <ulink url=\"&blfs-book;postlfs/cracklib.html" "\"/> 以在构建 Shadow 前安装 CrackLib。然后，将 <parameter>--with-libcrack</" "parameter> 添加到下面的 <command>configure</command> 命令中。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> program and its " "man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also, prevent the " "installation of manual pages that were already installed in <xref linkend=" "\"ch-system-man-pages\"/>:" msgstr "" "禁止该软件包安装 <command>groups</command> 程序和它的 man 页面，因为 " "Coreutils 会提供更好的版本。同样，避免安装<xref linkend=\"ch-system-man-pages" "\"/>软件包已经提供的 man 页面：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\\.1 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\\.3 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\\.5 / /' {} \\;</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\\.1 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\\.3 / /' {} \\;\n" "find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\\.5 / /' {} \\;</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Instead of using the default <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more " "secure <emphasis>SHA-512</emphasis> method of password encryption, which " "also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to " "change the obsolete <filename class=\"directory\">/var/spool/mail</filename> " "location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename " "class=\"directory\">/var/mail</filename> location used currently:" msgstr "" "不使用默认的 <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> 加密方法，使用更安全的 " "<emphasis>SHA-512</emphasis> 方法加密密码，该方法也允许长度超过 8 个字符的密" "码。另外，还需要把过时的用户邮箱位置 <filename class=\"directory\">/var/" "spool/mail</filename> 改为当前普遍使用的 <filename class=\"directory\">/var/" "mail</filename> 目录：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512:' \\\n" " -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:' \\\n" " -i etc/login.defs</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512:' \\\n" " -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:' \\\n" " -i etc/login.defs</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><para> msgid "If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following:" msgstr "如果您选择构建有 Cracklib 支持的 Shadow，执行以下命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><note><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Make a minor change to make the first group number generated by useradd 1000:" msgstr "进行微小的改动，使 useradd 使用 1000 作为第一个组编号：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"pre\">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Prepare Shadow for compilation:" msgstr "准备编译 Shadow：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "<userinput remap=\"configure\">touch /usr/bin/passwd\n" "./configure --sysconfdir=/etc \\\n" " --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput>" msgstr "" "<userinput remap=\"configure\">touch /usr/bin/passwd\n" "./configure --sysconfdir=/etc \\\n" " --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "The meaning of the configure option:" msgstr "配置选项的含义：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>touch /usr/bin/passwd</command>" msgstr "<command>touch /usr/bin/passwd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "The file <filename>/usr/bin/passwd</filename> needs to exist because its " "location is harcoded in some programs, and the default location if it does " "not exist is not right." msgstr "" "我们需要保证 <filename>/usr/bin/passwd</filename> 存在，因为它的位置会被硬编" "码到一些程序中，如果它不存在的话，会使用错误的默认位置。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>--with-group-name-max-length=32</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>--with-group-name-max-length=32</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum group name the " "same." msgstr "最长用户名可以有 32 个字符。设定组名称最大长度为相同值。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Compile the package:" msgstr "编译该软件包：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"make\">make</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "This package does not come with a test suite." msgstr "该软件包不包含测试套件。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Install the package:" msgstr "安装该软件包：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput remap=\"install\">make install</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput remap=\"install\">make install</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Configuring Shadow" msgstr "配置 Shadow" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><indexterm><secondary> msgid "configuring" msgstr "配置" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and groups; " "set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative tasks. For " "a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> means, " "see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source tree. " "If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to verify " "passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be " "Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed " "passwords." msgstr "" "该软件包包含用于添加、修改、删除用户和组，设定和修改它们的密码，以及进行其他" "管理任务的工具。如果希望查阅关于 <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> 的详" "细解释，阅读解压得到源代码目录树中的 <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> 文件。如" "果使用 Shadow 支持，请注意所有需要验证密码的程序 (如显示管理器、FTP 程序、" "pop3 守护进程等) 都必须和 Shadow 兼容。换句话说，它们必须能使用 Shadow 加密" "的密码。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:" msgstr "如果要对用户密码启用 Shadow 加密，执行以下命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>pwconv</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>pwconv</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "To enable shadowed group passwords, run:" msgstr "如果要对组密码启用 Shadow 加密，执行：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>grpconv</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>grpconv</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Shadow's stock configuration for the <command>useradd</command> utility has " "a few caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action for the " "<command>useradd</command> utility is to create the user and a group of the " "same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) " "numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass parameters to " "<command>useradd</command>, each user will be a member of a unique group on " "the system. If this behavior is undesirable, you'll need to pass the " "<parameter>-g</parameter> parameter to <command>useradd</command>. The " "default parameters are stored in the <filename>/etc/default/useradd</" "filename> file. You may need to modify two parameters in this file to suit " "your particular needs." msgstr "" "Shadow 附带的 <command>useradd</command> 配置文件有一些需要解释的事项。首先，" "<command>useradd</command> 的默认操作是创建一个用户，以及一个名字和用户名相同" "的组。默认情况下，用户 ID (UID) 和组 ID (GID) 会从 1000 开始。这意味着，如果" "您不向 <command>useradd</command> 传递参数，每个用户都会属于一个不同的组。如" "果您不希望这样，就要传递 <parameter>-g</parameter> 参数给 <command>useradd</" "command>。默认参数保存在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 文件中。您" "可以编辑其中的两个参数，以满足您的特定需求。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><title> msgid "<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> Parameter Explanations" msgstr "<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 参数解释" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>GROUP=1000</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>GROUP=1000</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in the /etc/" "group file. You can modify it to anything you desire. Note that " "<command>useradd</command> will never reuse a UID or GID. If the number " "identified in this parameter is used, it will use the next available number " "after this. Note also that if you don't have a group 1000 on your system the " "first time you use <command>useradd</command> without the <parameter>-g</" "parameter> parameter, you'll get a message displayed on the terminal that " "says: <computeroutput>useradd: unknown GID 1000</computeroutput>. You may " "disregard this message and group number 1000 will be used." msgstr "" "该参数设定 /etc/group 文件中使用的第一个组编号。您可以将它修改为您希望的任何" "值。注意，<command>useradd</command> 绝不会重用 UID 或 GID。如果该参数指定的" "数字已经被使用了，它就会使用下一个可用的数字。另外，如果您第一次使用 " "<command>useradd</command> 时没有编号 1000 的组，也没有使用 <parameter>-g</" "parameter> 选项，您就会在终端看到一条消息：<computeroutput>useradd: unknown " "GID 1000</computeroutput>。您可以忽略这条消息，它会使用组编号 1000。" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<parameter>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</parameter>" msgstr "<parameter>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</parameter>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "This parameter causes <command>useradd</command> to create a mailbox file " "for the newly created user. <command>useradd</command> will make the group " "ownership of this file to the <systemitem class=\"groupname\">mail</" "systemitem> group with 0660 permissions. If you would prefer that these " "mailbox files are not created by <command>useradd</command>, issue the " "following command:" msgstr "" "该参数使得 <command>useradd</command> 为新创建的用户建立邮箱文件。" "<command>useradd</command> 会使得 <systemitem class=\"groupname\">mail</" "systemitem> 为邮箱文件属组，并为邮箱文件赋予 0660 权限码。如果您不希望 " "<command>useradd</command> 创建这些邮箱文件，执行以下命令：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Setting the root password" msgstr "设定 root 密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Choose a password for user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and set it by running:" msgstr "为用户 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 选择一个密码，并执行以下命令设定它：" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput>passwd root</userinput>" msgstr "<userinput>passwd root</userinput>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Contents of Shadow" msgstr "Shadow 的内容" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed programs" msgstr "安装的程序" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><segtitle> msgid "Installed directory" msgstr "安装的目录" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "" "chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, " "groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, " "logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, " "pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr " "(link to vipw), and vipw" msgstr "" "chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, " "groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, " "logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, " "pwconv, pwunconv, sg (到 newgrp 的链接), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr " "(到 vipw 的链接), 以及 vipw" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><segmentedlist><seglistitem><seg> msgid "/etc/default" msgstr "/etc/default" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><bridgehead> msgid "Short Descriptions" msgstr "简要描述" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist> msgid "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" msgstr "" "<?dbfo list-presentation=\"list\"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation=\"table\"?>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chage</command>" msgstr "<command>chage</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory password changes" msgstr "用于修改强制性密码更新的最大天数" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chage" msgstr "chage" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chfn</command>" msgstr "<command>chfn</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to change a user's full name and other information" msgstr "用于修改用户全名和其他信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chfn" msgstr "chfn" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chgpasswd</command>" msgstr "<command>chgpasswd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to update group passwords in batch mode" msgstr "用于批量更新组密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chgpasswd" msgstr "chgpasswd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chpasswd</command>" msgstr "<command>chpasswd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to update user passwords in batch mode" msgstr "用于批量更新用户密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chpasswd" msgstr "chpasswd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>chsh</command>" msgstr "<command>chsh</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Used to change a user's default login shell" msgstr "用于改变用户的默认登录 shell" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "chsh" msgstr "chsh" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>expiry</command>" msgstr "<command>expiry</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy" msgstr "检查并强制保证当前密码过期策略" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "expiry" msgstr "expiry" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>faillog</command>" msgstr "<command>faillog</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of " "failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count" msgstr "检查失败登录日志，设定锁定账户的最大失败次数，或重置失败次数" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "faillog" msgstr "faillog" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>gpasswd</command>" msgstr "<command>gpasswd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups" msgstr "用于增加或删除组的用户和管理员" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "gpasswd" msgstr "gpasswd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupadd</command>" msgstr "<command>groupadd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Creates a group with the given name" msgstr "以指定名称创建组" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupadd" msgstr "groupadd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupdel</command>" msgstr "<command>groupdel</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Deletes the group with the given name" msgstr "删除指定的组" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupdel" msgstr "groupdel" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupmems</command>" msgstr "<command>groupmems</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list without the " "requirement of super user privileges." msgstr "允许用户在不需要超级用户权限的情况下，管理自己的组成员列表" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupmems" msgstr "groupmems" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>groupmod</command>" msgstr "<command>groupmod</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to modify the given group's name or GID" msgstr "用于修改给定的组名称或 GID" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "groupmod" msgstr "groupmod" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>grpck</command>" msgstr "<command>grpck</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Verifies the integrity of the group files <filename>/etc/group</filename> " "and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>" msgstr "" "验证组文件 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/gshadow</" "filename> 的完整性" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "grpck" msgstr "grpck" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>grpconv</command>" msgstr "<command>grpconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file" msgstr "根据普通组文件创建或更新加密组文件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "grpconv" msgstr "grpconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>grpunconv</command>" msgstr "<command>grpunconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from <filename>/etc/gshadow</" "filename> and then deletes the latter" msgstr "" "根据 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> 文件更新 <filename>/etc/group</" "filename> 文件，并删除前者" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "grpunconv" msgstr "grpunconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>lastlog</command>" msgstr "<command>lastlog</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user" msgstr "报告所有用户或给定用户最后一次登录的信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "lastlog" msgstr "lastlog" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>login</command>" msgstr "<command>login</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used by the system to let users sign on" msgstr "被系统用于允许用户登录" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "login" msgstr "login" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>logoutd</command>" msgstr "<command>logoutd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports" msgstr "是一个限制登录时间和端口的守护进程" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "logoutd" msgstr "logoutd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newgidmap</command>" msgstr "<command>newgidmap</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace" msgstr "用于设定用户命名空间的 gid 映射" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newgidmap" msgstr "newgidmap" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newgrp</command>" msgstr "<command>newgrp</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to change the current GID during a login session" msgstr "用于在登录会话中修改当前 GID" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newgrp" msgstr "newgrp" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newuidmap</command>" msgstr "<command>newuidmap</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace" msgstr "用于设定用户命名空间的 uid 映射" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newuidmap" msgstr "newuidmap" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>newusers</command>" msgstr "<command>newusers</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts" msgstr "用于批量创建或更新用户账户" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "newusers" msgstr "newusers" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>nologin</command>" msgstr "<command>nologin</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Displays a message that an account is not available; it is designed to be " "used as the default shell for accounts that have been disabled" msgstr "显示一条账户不可用的消息；它被设计为用来当作被禁用的账户的默认 shell" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "nologin" msgstr "nologin" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>passwd</command>" msgstr "<command>passwd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Is used to change the password for a user or group account" msgstr "用于修改用户或组账户的密码" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "passwd" msgstr "passwd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>pwck</command>" msgstr "<command>pwck</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Verifies the integrity of the password files <filename>/etc/passwd</" "filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>" msgstr "" "检验密码文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/shadow</" "filename> 的完整性" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "pwck" msgstr "pwck" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>pwconv</command>" msgstr "<command>pwconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal password file" msgstr "从普通密码文件创建或更新加密密码文件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "pwconv" msgstr "pwconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>pwunconv</command>" msgstr "<command>pwunconv</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from <filename>/etc/shadow</" "filename> and then deletes the latter" msgstr "" "根据 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 更新 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> " "并删除前者" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "pwunconv" msgstr "pwunconv" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>sg</command>" msgstr "<command>sg</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Executes a given command while the user's GID is set to that of the given " "group" msgstr "在用户 GID 设为给定组 ID 的情况下，执行给定命令" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "sg" msgstr "sg" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>su</command>" msgstr "<command>su</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs" msgstr "用替换的用户和组 ID 运行 shell" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "su" msgstr "su" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>useradd</command>" msgstr "<command>useradd</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default new-user " "information" msgstr "以指定名称创建新用户，或更新新用户默认信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "useradd" msgstr "useradd" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>userdel</command>" msgstr "<command>userdel</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "Deletes the given user account" msgstr "删除给定用户" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "userdel" msgstr "userdel" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>usermod</command>" msgstr "<command>usermod</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Is used to modify the given user's login name, User Identification (UID), " "shell, initial group, home directory, etc." msgstr "" "修改给定用户的登录名称、用户标识符 (UID)、shell、初始组、home 目录等信息" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "usermod" msgstr "usermod" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>vigr</command>" msgstr "<command>vigr</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or <filename>/etc/gshadow</" "filename> files" msgstr "" "编辑 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 或 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> 文" "件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "vigr" msgstr "vigr" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><term> msgid "<command>vipw</command>" msgstr "<command>vipw</command>" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para> msgid "" "Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or <filename>/etc/shadow</" "filename> files" msgstr "" "编辑 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 或 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 文" "件" #. type: Content of: <sect1><sect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><indexterm><primary> msgid "vipw" msgstr "vipw"